11.4 Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering

Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering courses are identified by a four-digit numbering system, the first two digits signifying the following:

The first digit denotes the academic term during which the course is normally offered.

The second digit denotes the primary areas of study, namely:

 

1: Materials Science
2: Mechatronics
3: Dynamics
4: Thermal Science
5: Fluid Mechanics
6: Solid Mechanics
7: Design/Project courses
8: Other regular courses
9: Special Topics

Non-departmental Engineering courses are designated by ENGI.

Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering courses are designated by ME.

ME 3101 Chemistry and Physics of Engineering Materials I

(same as the former ENGI 3911) is an introduction to the structure and properties of engineering materials, in particular materials, semiconductors, ceramics, glasses and polymers. Topics include a review of atomic bonding, discussion of basic crystalline and amorphous structures, point and line defects, and the role these structural features play in elastic and plastic deformations, yield, fracture, glass transition, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, specific heat and electrical conductivity.

CR:
Process Engineering 5092, the former ENGI 2205, the former ENGI 3911
LH:
at least four 3-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
Chemistry 1050 or Chemistry 1200
ME 3102 Production Technology

(same as the former ENGI 3941) includes an overview of production: production strategies; dimensioning and tolerancing; basic material removal process; forming and shaping process; casting; molding, extrusion and joining processes; computer aided machining; new technologies; design for manufacture.

CR:
the former ENGI 3941
LH:
at least eight 3-hour sessions per semester
ME 3301 Dynamics

(same as the former ENGI 3934) includes kinematics and kinetics of particles using rectangular, normal/tangential and polar coordinates; relative motion using rotating axes; two-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies; force-acceleration, work-energy and impulse-momentum methods.

CR:
the former ENGI 2313, the former ENGI 3934
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ENGI 1010, Mathematics 1001
ME 3401 Thermodynamics I

(same as the former ENGI 3901) is a macroscopic approach to heat, work, and energy; properties of pure substances; conservation of mass, energy for open and closed systems; thermal efficiency and coefficient of performance; second law of thermodynamics; and its corollaries; entropy; second law analysis of thermodynamic systems; second law efficiency; and an introduction to simple thermodynamic cycles.

CR:
the former ENGI 3901
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
Mathematics 1001
ME 4302 Mechanisms and Machines

(same as the former ENGI 4932) includes an overview of mechanisms within machines; analytical and computer-aided methods for position, velocity, and acceleration analysis of moving mechanisms; power transmission; kinematics and kinetics of planar mechanisms; static and dynamic loads on mechanisms and an introduction to mechanism synthesis. Students will complete an analysis project.

CR:
the former ENGI 3933, the former ENGI 4932
LH:
two or three 2-hour computer simulation laboratory sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 3301 or the former ENGI 3934
ME 4402 Thermodynamics II

(same as the former ENGI 4901) examines thermodynamic cycles: power and refrigeration applications; human comfort and air conditioning: mixture of gases and vapours, humidity, psychrometrics; chemically reacting mixtures and combustion; exergy analysis.

CR:
the former ENGI 4901
LH:
at least three 1.5-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 3401 or the former ENGI 3901
ME 4501 Fluid Mechanics I

(same as the former ENGI 4961, the former ENGI 5961) examines fluid statics; fluid flow phenomena; control volume analysis; conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; Bernoulli equation; head losses, applications of conservation laws: flow measurement devices; pipe networks; momentum devices, dimensional analysis, boundary layer phenomena, lift and drag.

CR:
the former ENGI 4661, the former ENGI 4913, the former ENGI 4961, the former ENGI 5961
LH:
five 1-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 3301 or the former ENGI 3934, ME 3401 or the former ENGI 3901
ME 4601 Mechanics of Solids I

(same as the former ENGI 4934) examines stress and strain analysis applied to bars and beams in axial, torsion and bending; beam deflection, plane stress and strain, stress and strain transformations in two dimensions and Mohr’s circle.

CR:
the former ENGI 4312, the former ENGI 4934
LH:
at least four 1-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ENGI 1010
ME 5103 Chemistry and Physics of Engineering Materials II

(same as the former ENGI 5911) examines aspects of chemical and physical processes and microscopic structure relevant to the production and use of engineering materials, focussing on metals, alloys, silicates, Portland cement, plastics and adhesives, composites, and wood. Topics include solid-state solutions and compounds, alloy structures, phase diagrams, reaction rates, solid-state transformations, polymerization, oxidation and corrosion, hardness, creep, fatigue, fracture toughness and visco-elastic deformation.

CR:
Process Engineering 5092, the former ENGI 3205, the former ENGI 5911
LH:
at least four 3-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 3101 or the former ENGI 3911
ME 5201 Mechatronics I

(same as the former ENGI 5952) involves modelling of electro-mechanical systems and introduction to basic analog and digital electronic devices. Topics covered include lumped-parameter modelling of electro-mechanical systems, basic electronic components and semiconductors, introduction to op amps, digital logic and number systems, microcontroller technology and interfacing (switches, LEDs, steppers, solenoids, A/D and D/A conversion).

CR:
the former ENGI 4951, the former ENGI 5952
LH:
five 3-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ENGI 1040, ENGI 3424
ME 5502 Fluid Mechanics II

(same as the former ENGI 5962) examines differential analysis of fluid motion; conservation of mass: continuity equation; conservation of momentum: Navier-Stokes equations; conservation of energy; basic film lubrication theory, boundary layer flows; compressible flows.

CR:
the former ENGI 5913, the former ENGI 5962, the former ENGI 6661, the former ENGI 6961
LH:
at least three 1-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 4501 or the former ENGI 4961 or the former ENGI 5961
ME 5602 Mechanics of Solids II

(same as the former ENGI 5931) examines stresses due to combined loads, asymmetric bending, transformation of stresses and strains, principal stresses and strains (in two and three dimensions), static failure theories, stress concentration, energy methods, method of superposition, buckling of columns, thin- and thick-walled pressure vessels and contact stresses.

CR:
the former ENGI 5312, the former ENGI 5931
LH:
at least four 1-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 4601 or the former ENGI 4934
ME 6202 Control Systems I

(same as the former ENGI 6951) examines modeling, analysis and design of feedback control systems using classical controller design methods. Topics covered include linear system modelling using Laplace transforms, control system stability, time domain analysis - root locus design, frequency domain analysis - bode diagram and Nyquist design, PID Control.

CR:
the former ENGI 6925, the former ENGI 6951
LH:
at least three 1-hour sessions per semester
OR:
1-hour tutorial per week
PR:
ME 5201 or Electrical and Computer Engineering 5610 or the former ENGI 5951 or the former ENGI 5952
ME 6303 Mechanical Vibrations

(same as the former ENGI 6933) examines single degree of freedom systems: free vibration, energy methods, response to harmonic excitation, response to arbitrary inputs, rotating unbalance, vibration isolation; two degree of freedom systems: natural frequencies and mode shapes, vibration absorption.

CR:
the former ENGI 5932, the former ENGI 6933
LH:
at least four 2-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 3301 or the former ENGI 3934
ME 6403 Heat Transfer I

(same as the former ENGI 6901) examines modes of heat transfer; conduction: steady 1-D conduction, thermal resistance, extended surfaces (fins), lumped capacitance analysis, 1-D transient conduction; convection: Newton’s law of cooling, convection heat transfer coefficient, external boundary layer flows, internal flows; radiation: principles, properties, exchange factors, black body radiation, and enclosures, radiation shields.

CR:
the former ENGI 5602, the former ENGI 6901
LH:
at least one 3-hour session per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 4402 or the former ENGI 4901, ME 5502 or the former ENGI 5962
ME 6701 Computer Aided Engineering Applications

(same as the former ENGI 6928, the former ENGI 7928) introduces a variety of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) applications based on advanced 3D CAD modelling. The fundamentals of 3D modelling are covered. CAE include assembly modelling, mechanism animation and finite element analysis. Applications include Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM); model based inspection; reverse engineering; document/drawing production; data exchange; and data management. Lab exercises provide exposure to solid modelling and CAE applications using CAD/CAM/CAE tools.

CR:
the former ENGI 6928, the former ENGI 7928, the former ENGI 7962
LH:
at least ten 2-hour computer laboratory sessions per semester
PR:
ENGI 1030, ME 3102 or the former ENGI 3941
ME 6702 Mechanical Component Design I

(same as the former ENGI 5927, the former ENGI 6929) examines adequacy assessment and synthesis of machine elements with a focus on failure prevention, safety factors, and strength; static failure and fatigue analysis of components. Topics include the design of power screws, bolted connections, welds, and shafts.

CR:
the former ENGI 5926, the former ENGI 5927, the former ENGI 6929
LH:
at least four 3-hour computer laboratory sessions per semester
PR:
ME 5602 or the former ENGI 5931
ME 7104 Industrial Materials

(same as the former ENGI 7911) includes metals and alloy systems, strengthening mechanisms of metals, iron-carbon alloys, corrosion resistant alloys, light metals and their alloys, copper and nickel base alloys, super alloys, the function of alloying elements in metals, heat treatments, surface hardening, and surface modification.

CR:
the former ENGI 6972, the former ENGI 7911
LH:
at least five 3-hour laboratory sessions per semester
PR:
ME 5103 or the former ENGI 5911
ME 7105 Welding and Joining Processes

(same as the former ENGI 8971) introduces modern welding and joining processes for metallic materials, polymers, and ceramics. Fundamentals of materials joining processes and the impact of the process parameters on the weld geometry, mechanical properties, and quality are discussed. Laboratory exercises will provide hands-on experience with some industrially significant welding processes.

CR:
the former ENGI 8971
LH:
seven 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 4601 or the former ENGI 4934, ME 5103 or the former ENGI 5911
ME 7203 Instrumentation and Experimental Design

(same as the former ENGI 7930) involves analysis and design of mechanical measurement systems and multi factor experiments. Topics covered include static and dynamic characteristics of sensors, Fourier transforms, sampling theorem and signal conditioning, uncertainty analysis of sensors, sensors for motion control, load sensing and process control, one factor vs multi factor experiments, factorial design and analysis, partial factorial design and blocking, response surface methodology (RSM).

CR:
the former ENGI 7930
LH:
at least four 3-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ENGI 4421 or Statistics 2550, ME 6202 or the former ENGI 6951
ME 7204 Robotics and Automation

(same as the former ENGI 7952) provides the fundamentals in robotic manipulators and arms. The course provides basic understanding in coordinate transformations for spatial description, both kinematical and kinetic analysis, forces and dynamics and finally trajectory generations and path planning.

CR:
the former ENGI 7944, the former ENGI 7952
LH:
at least three 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ENGI 4430
ME 7205 Mechatronics II

(same as the former ENGI 7953) emphasizes the integration of the core technologies on which contemporary, mechatronic designs are based. Topics covered include combinational logic circuit design, sequential logic circuit design, modelling and control of servo motors, selection, sizing, and modelling of servo valves and hydraulic actuators, microcontroller technology and interfacing (relays, timers, PWM control, interrupts, digital communication).

CR:
the former ENGI 5951, the former ENGI 7953
LH:
five 3-hour sessions per semester
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 6202 or the former ENGI 6951
ME 7210 Industrial Automation

introduces programmable logic controllers (PLC) and ladder logic programming, sensor and actuator interfaces, DC and AC motors, pneumatic circuits, fluid power actuators and control, industrial data communication, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and human machine interface (HMI).

LC:
minimum of 2 lecture hours per week
LH:
five 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 6202 or the former ENGI 6951, ME 6701 or the former ENGI 6928 or the former ENGI 7928
ME 7220 Guidance, Navigation, and Control

provides applied knowledge in the design of navigation algorithms used in aerial autonomy, marine robotics, and self-driving applications. Topics covered include modelling platform and sensor dynamics, stochastic processes, linear state space GN&C solutions, nonlinear GN&C solutions, optimal filtering, trajectory optimization, factor graphs, and performance analysis.

LH:
at least three 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ENGI 4421, ME 6202 or the former ENGI 6951
ME 7230 Introduction to MEMS

provides the fundamentals in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) using examples from industrial MEMS applications. Topics include essential electrical and mechanical concepts for MEMS; fabrication processes for MEMS devices; basic MEMS governing equations in different energy domains (mechanical, electrical and thermal); methods for layout, design and modelling of MEMS devices; simulation techniques; techniques for testing and characterization of MEMS devices; thermal sensing and actuation; surface micro machining; and case studies.

LH:
at least three 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 6202 or the former ENGI 6951
ME 7404 Heat Transfer II

(same as the former ENGI 7901) examines advanced topics in heat transfer; multidimensional heat conduction: shape factors, numerical methods, moving heat sources; phase change heat transfer: melting, solidification, condensation, and boiling; natural convection: external flows, internal flows; multimode heat transfer; and environmental radiation.

CR:
the former ENGI 7901
LH:
at least three 2-hour computer laboratory sessions per semester
PR:
ME 6403 or the former ENGI 6901
ME 7405 Mechanical Equipment

(same as the former ENGI 7903) examines performance characteristics of mechanical equipment; fluid power devices: pipes; valves; turbomachinery: pumps; fans; blowers; compressors; heat transfer devices: heat exchangers; boilers, and cooling towers.

CR:
the former ENGI 7903
LH:
at least four 1.5-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 6403 or Process Engineering 5002 or the former ENGI 5602 or the former ENGI 6901
ME 7503 Gas Dynamics

(same as the former ENGI 8970) begins with an introduction to compressible gas flows, then considers fundamental laws of compressible fluid flow; wave propagation in compressible fluids; isentropic flow of a perfect gas; normal and oblique shock waves; Prandtl-Meyer flows; external compressible flows; flow in ducts, flow with friction (Fanno) and heat transfer (Rayleigh); imperfect gas effects; and measurement of compressible flows.

CR:
the former ENGI 8970
PR:
ME 5502 or the former ENGI 5962
ME 7603 Finite Element Analysis

(same as the former ENGI 7934) includes a review of basic concepts required for FEA, basics of stiffness formulation, direct stiffness method, displacement method, one dimensional elements, trusses and frames. Topics include 1D fluid and heat transfer elements, automated analysis and modelling concepts, higher order elements, two dimensional elements - plane stress and plane strain, introduction to 3D elements, introduction to advanced topics and isoparametric formulation.

CR:
the former ENGI 7934
LH:
2
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ENGI 4430, ME 5602 or the former ENGI 5931
ME 7703 Mechanical Component Design II

(same as the former ENGI 6927, the former ENGI 7929) is a continuation of the ME 6702 course in analysis and synthesis of machinery, including advanced analysis of machine elements such as clutches, brakes, couplings, journal bearings and gears. Advanced machine design concepts are examined, such as reliability, optimization and techniques for stimulating innovative design. A synthesis project involving the machine elements studied is usually included.

CR:
the former ENGI 6926, the former ENGI 6927, the former ENGI 7929
LH:
at least five 3-hour computer laboratory sessions per semester
PR:
ME 6702 or the former ENGI 5927 or the former ENGI 6929
ME 7704 Mechanical Design Project I

(same as the former ENGI 7926) is the first of two capstone design courses in Mechanical Engineering. In this course mechanical students are organized into small groups or teams, which must complete a design challenge. The project is presented as an open-ended problem statement with specific performance objectives. The system must be designed, prototyped and tested during the semester. Each team is a small consulting firm and is required to document its object planning as well as its design.

CR:
the former ENGI 7926, the former ENGI 7936
LC:
minimum of 2 lecture hours per week
LH:
at least three 2-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ENGI 4102, completion of Term 6 of the Mechanical Engineering Program
ME 7705 Mechatronics Design Project I

provides an opportunity for senior students to integrate the knowledge that they have acquired through the junior terms and apply it to solving a mechatronics engineering design problem. Students work in small teams with the assistance of a faculty mentor to define an appropriate design problem and propose a method of solution to the problem. The project is continued in ME 8706.

CR:
the former ENGI 7926, the former ENGI 7936
LC:
at least 10 lecture hours per semester
LH:
scheduled as required
OR:
weekly meetings with project supervisor
PR:
ENGI 4102, completion of Term 6 of the Mechatronics Engineering Program
ME 8106 Corrosion and Corrosion Control

(same as the former ENGI 8911) examines forms of corrosion; the electrochemical nature of the corrosion process; the mixed potential theory, Purbaix diagrams and Evan diagrams; corrosion testing, control use by use of materials, selection, cathodic protection, inhibitors, and coatings. There are case studies of selected corrosion problems.

CR:
the former ENGI 8962, the former ENGI 8911
LH:
at least four 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 5103 or Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering 4007 or the former ENGI 4007 or the former ENGI 5911
ME 8304 Machine Dynamics

(same as the former ENGI 8937) reviews mechanism kinematics and inverse dynamics (prediction of unknown forces and torques required to create a known motion) and continues with forward dynamic analysis of mechanisms (predicting unknown motion due to applied forces and torques) using student-generated computer code and commercial software. Practical applications of dynamics are explored, such as engine shaking forces, balancing of machinery, shaft vibration, design of flywheels, and gyroscopic effects.

CR:
the former ENGI 7945, the former ENGI 8937
PR:
ME 4302 or the former ENGI 4932, ME 6303 or the former ENGI 6933
ME 8305 Modelling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems

(same as the former ENGI 8946) emphasizes interdisciplinary system models, equation formulation and structure, and model complexity. The bond graph modelling language will be introduced to simulate systems containing mechanical, electrical, thermal, hydraulic, and magnetic components.

CR:
the former ENGI 8946
PR:
ME 5201 or Electrical and Computer Engineering 5610 or the former ENGI 5952, ME 6303 or the former ENGI 6933
ME 8406 Design of Thermal Systems

(same as the former ENGI 8903) examines thermal system design; modeling of thermal systems; steady and transient system simulation; single and multi-variable optimization; overall system performance; thermodynamic optimization; selected design case studies.

CR:
the former ENGI 8903
PR:
ME 7404 or the former ENGI 7901, ME 7405 or the former ENGI 7903
ME 8407 Sustainable Energy Systems

(same as the former ENGI 8984) examines thermo-fluid features of energy conversion and storage technologies. Topics include nuclear power, wind power, biorenewable and nonconventional fuels, fuel cells, carbon capture and sequestration, photovoltaics, solar thermal, energy storage, and hydroelectric power systems.

CR:
the former ENGI 8984
PR:
ME 4402 or the former ENGI 4901, ME 7404 or the former ENGI 7901
ME 8504 Computational Fluid Dynamics

(same as the former ENGI 8947) begins with a review of the equations governing viscous fluid flows and heat transfer. The course includes heat conduction, convection-diffusion, and fluid flow equations; gridding, dependent variable interpolation, discretized equations, solution of the discretized equations, transients and nonlinearities; testing and validation of CFD codes, standard test problems.

CR:
the former ENGI 8947
PR:
ME 5502 or the former ENGI 5962 or the former ENGI 6961, ME 7404 or the former ENGI 7901
ME 8505 Fluid Structure Interactions

(same as the former ENGI 8964) examines structural vibrations generated by fluid flow. These vibrations can be transient or they can take the form of instability or resonance. The course deals with the following fluid structure interactions: (1) Flow induced vibration of structures (2) Unsteady flow in pipe networks (3) Water wave interactions with structures.

CR:
the former ENGI 8904, the former ENGI 8964
LH:
at least three 3-hour sessions per semester
PR:
ME 5502 or the former ENGI 5962 or the former ENGI 6961, ME 6303 or the former ENGI 6933
ME 8506 Advanced Fluid Dynamics

(same as the former ENGI 8965) includes fluid kinematics; equations of fluid dynamics: Navier-Stokes equations, Euler's equations, Stokes' equations, vorticity transport; advanced topics in: low Reynolds flows, unsteady viscous flows, boundary layer analysis, potential flows; introduction to turbulent flow; free shear flows.

CR:
the former ENGI 8965
PR:
ME 5502 or the former ENGI 5962 or the former ENGI 6961
ME 8604 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics

(same as the former ENGI 8933) is an introduction to fatigue and fracture analysis of metallic components, failure mechanisms, fracture mechanisms, effects of cracks, notches, collapse; linear elastic fracture mechanic analysis; design of components to avoid fracture; fatigue crack propagation, fracture initiation, crack arrest; and fracture toughness measurements.

CR:
the former ENGI 8933
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 5602 or the former ENGI 5931
ME 8605 Pressure Component Design

(same as the former ENGI 8935) includes pressure vessel design philosophy; membrane theory of shells; stress categories; discontinuous stresses; design of pressure vessel components according to ASME Boiler and pressure vessel and piping codes. There is a design project involving pressure vessel components.

CR:
the former ENGI 8935
OR:
at least 1 tutorial hour per week
PR:
ME 5602 or the former ENGI 5931, ME 6702 or the former ENGI 6929
ME 8606 Mechanical Behaviour of Composites

(same as the former ENGI 8982) includes stress-strain behaviour of composites, properties of matrix and reinforcing materials, mechanics of fibre-reinforced composites, lamina and laminate analysis, and an introduction to manufacturing methods.

CR:
the former ENGI 8982
OR:
tutorial 1 hour per week
PR:
ME 5602 or the former ENGI 5931
ME 8705 Mechanical Design Project II

(same as the former ENGI 8926) is the Mechanical Engineering capstone project, building on skills acquired in ME 7704. Student teams choose a unique design challenge and proceed to generate a solution. Problems are often drawn from industry and, where possible, interdisciplinary interaction is encouraged. The problem proponent will act as the “client” and the team is expected to generate a solution. Emphasis is placed on oral and written communication and technical aspects. Wherever possible, elements should be prototyped and tested.

CR:
the former ENGI 8926, the former ENGI 8936
LC:
scheduled as required
LH:
scheduled as required
PR:
ME 7704 or the former ENGI 7926
ME 8706 Mechatronics Design Project II

continues ME 7705 and provides an opportunity for senior students to integrate the knowledge that they have acquired through the junior terms and apply it to solving a mechatronics engineering design problem. Students work in small teams with the assistance of a faculty mentor to complete detailed design, implementation and testing of a mechatronics engineering system to solve the problem as defined in ME 7705.

CR:
the former ENGI 8926, the former ENGI 8936
LC:
scheduled as required
LH:
scheduled as required
PR:
ME 7705
ME 8801 Production & Operations Management

(same as the former ENGI 8945) is an overview of production and operations management, and an examination of decision making and operations strategy; process design and improvement, process flow analysis/simulation, capacity planning; design of value chains, lean systems, plant layout and process planning; operating value chains, MIS systems, inventory and resource management; Relevant computer laboratory exercises are conducted.

CR:
the former ENGI 7943, the former ENGI 8945
PR:
ME 6403 or the former ENGI 6901
ME 8900-8999 Special Topics in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering

will have topics to be studied announced by the Department.

AR = Attendance requirement as noted.

CH = Credit hours: unless otherwise noted, a course normally has a credit value of 3 credit hours.

CO = Co-requisite(s): course(s) listed must be taken concurrently with or successfully completed prior to the course being described.

CR = Credit restricted: The course being described and the course(s) listed are closely related but not equivalent.  Credit is limited to one of these courses.  Normally, these courses cannot be substituted, one for the other, to satisfy program requirements.

EQ = Equivalent: the course being described and the course(s) listed are equal for credit determination.  Credit is limited to one of these courses.  These courses can be substituted, one for the other, to satisfy program requirements.

LC = Lecture hours per week: lecture hours are 3 per week unless otherwise noted.

LH = Laboratory hours per week.

OR = Other requirements of the course such as tutorials, practical sessions, or seminars.

PR = Prerequisite(s): course(s) listed must be successfully completed prior to commencing the course being described.

UL = Usage limitation(s) as noted.