Analysis of DNA involves several aspects of biotechnology:
      "The use of biological processes to produce goods & services"
       Forensics is the use of DNA sequence data to provide legal evidence

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
   "DNA xeroxing":  in vitro (cell-free) DNA "cloning":
        Start with anything with DNA in it: blood, hair, skin, fillet, etc.
         DNA primers copy specific gene of interest
            PCR doubles copy number of gene in each cycle:
             12  4  8  16  32  64 etc.: 30 doublings 10⁹ copies  [animation]
        PCR makes sufficient quantities of purified genes for direct analysis by ...

DNA Sequencing
       Automated DNA sequencing uses laser fluorometry
       Modified ACGTs are attached to fluorescent dyes (A C G T)
             Color-coded bases are incorporated into DNA during copying reaction
                DNA sequencer "sees" colours, "calls sequence"  [animation]
       "Helix & Primer" DNA sequencing service at Memorial University does this locally

DNA Forensics
    Applications in fisheries include questions of species identification & stock structure

     1. Same gene has different DNA sequence in different species
              Finding out "Where did this fillet come from?"
            Species identification in fish, seals, deer , "sea monsters", etc.

       2. Same gene has different DNA sequence in different individuals of same species
                Testing the "Out of Africa" hypothesis of human origins:
                    European, Asian, & New World peoples have a common ancestor ~40,000 yrs ago

              Testing the "Out of Newfoundland" hypothesis of harp seal origins:
                    How do seals move among breeding grounds?
                    Similar questions can be asked in Atlantic Cod
                    DFO / MUN Research Partnership: Marine Mitochondrial Genomics