If:     variation exists for some trait, and
                a fitness difference is correlated with that trait, and
                the trait is to some degree heritable (determined by genetics),
      Then: the trait distribution will change
                over the life history of organisms in a single generation, and
                between generations.

      The process of change is called "adaptation".

      Or, "Natural Selection" describes a process in which
            "adaptation" occurs in such a way that "fitness" increases.
            Under certain conditions, this results in descent with modification.

Evolution & Natural Selection can be modeled genetically.

Natural Selection results in change of allele frequency (q) [read as "delta q"]
    in consequence of differences in the relative fitness (W)
    of the phenotypes to which the alleles contribute.

Fitness is a phenotype of individual organisms.
    Fitness is determined genetically (at least in part).
    Fitness is related to success at survival AND reproduction.
    Fitness can be measured & quantified (see below).
          i.e., the relative fitness of genotypes can be assigned numerical values.

The consequences of natural selection depend on the dominance of fitness:
        e.g., whether the "fit" phenotype is due to a dominant or recessive allele.

Then, allele frequency change is predicted by the General Selection Equation:

q = [pq] [(q)(W₂ - W₁) + (p)(W₁ - W₀)] /

            where W₀, W₁, & W₂ are the fitness phenotypes
            of the AA, AB, & BB genotypes, respectively  [see derivation]

      genotype:   AA     AB      BB
      phenotype: W₀ =  W₁   W₂    (AA and AB have identical phenotypes)

      Then the GSE simplifies to q = pq²(W₂ - W₁)     (since W₁ - W₀ = 0)

            If 'B' phenotype is more fit than 'A' phenotype,
                  W₂ > W₁   & q > 0    so   q increases.

            If 'B' phenotype is less fit than 'A' phenotype,
                  W₂ < W₁    & q < 0    so   q decreases.

            then q  (W₂ - W₁) : the greater the difference in fitness,
                                                     the greater the intensity of selection
                                                    and the more rapid the change

A numerical example of Selection:
       Tay-Sachs Disease is caused by an allele
             that is rare         (q 0.001)
                      recessive (W₀ = W₁ = 1)
                      lethal         (W₂ = 0)

        Then q = pq²(W₂ - W₁) = -pq²  -q²   (since p  1)

        That is, Natural Selection results in a decrease in the frequency of
            the Tay-Sachs allele of about one part in a million (0.001²) per generation

         s = 1 - W

        The selection coefficient (s) is the difference in fitness
            of the phenotype relative to some 'standard' phenotype
            that has a fitness  W = 1
            [The math is simpler because only one variable is used for fitness.]

      (1) Complete dominance

      genotype:   AA      AB     BB
      phenotype:  W₀ =  W₁   W₂    (AA and AB have identical phenotypes)
                or       1    =   1   1 - s

         if  0 < s < 1 : 'B' is deleterious(at a selective disadvantage)
         if  s < 0       : 'B' is advantageous

        then     q = -spq² / (1 - sq²)      [see derivation]
 

      (2) Incomplete dominance

      genotype:    AA     AB        BB
      phenotype:  W₀   W₁     W₂    (all phenotypes different)
         or            1 - s₁    1   1 - s₂

      if 0 < s₁ & s₂ < 1 : overdominance of fitness (heterozygote advantage)
      The population has optimal fitness when both alleles are retained:
           q will reach an equilibrium where q = 0
                   0 <  < 1   (read as, "q hat")

           then     = (s₁) / (s₁ + s₂)          [see derivation]

      Direction of allele frequency change is due to fitness difference of alleles
            (whether the effect of the allele on phenotype is deleterious or advantageous).
      Ultimate consequences depend on the dominance of fitness
            (whether the allele is dominant, semi-dominant, or recessive).
      Rate of change is an interplay of both of these factors (see Lab #1)

      AA   AB     BB    Consequence of natural selection   [ let q = change in f(B) ]

      W₀ =  W₁ =  W₂    No selection (neither allele has a selective advantage):
                         then     q = 0,  H-W proportions remain constant

      W₀ =  W₁ >  W₂    deleterious recessive (advantageous dominant):
                         then     q < 0,     q  0.00  (loss): how fast? [Does it get there?]

      W₀ =  W₁ <  W₂    advantageous recessive (deleterious dominant):
                          then     q > 0,     q  1.00  (fixation): how fast?

      W₀ <  W₁ >  W₂    overdominance [special case of semi-dominance]:
                                          heterozygote superiority
                                    q   , where q = 0