Allele: One member of
a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a
specific chromosome.
Centimorgan:
A unit of crossover frequency in linkage
maps of chromosomes equal to one hundredth of a
morgan.
DNA polymorphism:
A condition in which one of two different
but normal nucleotide sequences can exist at a particular site in a
DNA molecule.
Gamete: A reproductive cell having the haploid number of
chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with
a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized
egg.
Genetic distance: A measure of the allelic substitutions per locus
that have occurred during the separate evolution of two populations
or species. The distance between linked genes in terms of
recombination frequency or map units (i.e. centimorgan).
Genome: The total genetic content contained in a
haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes, in a single chromosome in
bacteria, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses. An organism's
genetic material.
Genotype:
The combination of alleles located on
homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or
trait.
Genotyping: the process of determining the genotype of an
individual with a biological assay. Current methods of doing this
include PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization to DNA chips or
beads. The technology is intrinsic for test on father-/motherhood
and in clinical research for the investigation of disease-associated
genes.
Haplotype: A set of alleles of closely linked loci on a
chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
Loci: Plural of
locus.
Locus: The position that a given gene occupies on a
chromosome.
Meiotic
recombination: The formation and
repair of double strand breaks through a double Holliday junction
intermediate that results in the equal exchange of genetic material
between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes.
These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation
of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic
diversity.
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR): A technique for
amplifying DNA sequences in vitro by separating the DNA into two
strands and incubating it with oligonucleotide primers and DNA
polymerase. It can amplify a specific sequence of DNA by as many as
one billion times and is important in biotechnology, forensics,
medicine, and genetic research.
Physical distance: the distance in base pairs, i.e. Distance
between two markers. The extremely high resolution allows fir
easier identification of mutations.
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