Bio4250 - Dr
Carr Fall 2021
Five practice problems for
calculation of UPGMA phenograms
(1) Equal branch
lengths
A B C
D E
A
0
B
8 0
C
12 12 0
D
18 18 18
0
E
22 22 22
22 0
(2) Unequal branch
lengths
P Q R
S T
P
0
Q
24 0
R
31 33 0
S
22 20 31
0
T
8 26 33 31
0
(3) Equal and (4)unequal branch
lengths
V
W X Y
Z
V
0 26 8
11 28
W
28 0 28
27
20
X
8 29 0 13
0
Y
12 28 12
0 29
Z
28 20 28
28 0
(4) Pairwise differences in a 896bp region of Ape
mtDNA
(after Brown et al. 1989)
Homo Pan Gorilla Orang
Gibbon
Homo 0
Pan 95
0
Gorilla 113 118
0
Orang 183
201
195 0
Gibbon 212
225 225 222
0
(5) Pairwise differences among five Carnivora mtDNAs
Lower matrix: Cytochrome b (1,140 bp total)
Upper matrix: mtDNA genome (15,528 bp total)
