Molecular phylogeny of Homo and other Primates
(based on coding regions of the mtDNA genome)

    All members of the order Primata are characterized by a distinctive skull feature, a complete bony ring around the eye orbits that facilitates binocular vision. The diagram shows the relationships of modern and extinct species of Homo to other living primates, as inferred from the complete protein-coding regions (~ 15 Kbp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome.

    The evolutionary tree shows the evolutionary relationships of humans relative to the other Great Apes, the Great Apes relative to the Lesser Apes, Apes relative to the Old World Monkeys, the separation of Old and New World Monkeys, and the relationships of "monkey-like" primates to Pro-Simian tarsiers. Another pro-simian group is the Lemurs (not shown).

    In such trees, degree of evolutionary relationship is determined by tracing the branching order back to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of any group relative to another. Organisms that share a more recent MRCA are more closely related. Degree of evolutionary similarity is determined by counting the number of base changes (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs) along the branches connecting any two species. Among the Great Apes, humans (Homo) are more closely related to chimps (Pan) than either is to gorillas (Gorilla) or to orang-utans (Pongo). It also shows that extinct and modern human species are far more similar to each other than are different species of chimps, gorillas, or orang-utans.

    Homework: Prior to the advent of molecular data in the 1960s, it was assumed that the large organismal differences between Humans relative to the Great Apes was due to a large amount of genetic change along the human lineage. Test this hypothesis by counting & recording the number of SNP changes between the six pairwise combinations of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus. (1) What is the expected result if the old hypothesis is correct? Do the data support or reject the hypothesis? Explain. (2) Do the data support or reject the hypothesis that morphologically similar chimps and gorillas are also genetically similar to each other? Explain

Analysis & text material © 2022 by Steven M. Carr