Cost - Benefit payoff matrix for fighting vs ritualized display
F indicates Fighting and R indicated Ritualized displaying; -b is the loss to 1 if both fight; c is the gain to 1 if it fights and 2 displays; d is the gain to 1 if both display. There is no gain to 1 if it displays and 2 fights.
Figure © 2013 by Sinauer; Text material © 2017 by Steven M. Carr