Dideoxy
sequencing of phage ØX174 (5,386 bp)
(1977)
***“Sanger”
sequencing remains
method of choice for 40
years
F
Sanger
[two
Nobel Prizes
1954, 1980]
RFLP maps
of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of
natural populations (1979)
***Rapid
proliferation
of within
& among species mtDNA studies
[S&R
1.10]
“Out
of Africa”
hypothesis from RFLP maps
of human mtDNA (1987)
DNA Fingerprinting described; forensic applications (1985)
***Rapid
proliferation of microsatellite
nucDNA
population studies
Polymerase
Chain Reaction in
vitro amplification of DNA (1983)
[S&R
1.11]
K Mullis [Nobel
Prize 1986]
***Rapid
proliferation of within & among
species DNA
studies
Automated
DNA sequencing (1986) uses Sanger
method [S&R
1.12]
Dideoxy terminators tagged with
fluorescent markers: A C G T
***Technical
developments lead
to Next-Gen
sequencing
Human
mtDNA
“Anderson”
sequence (1981);
reworked as rCRS
(1999)
Human & Great Ape mtDNA
genomes compared (1995)
Complete E. coli genome sequenced: 4.6 Mbp (1997)
Human Genome Project (1990, completed 2003): Big Science Biology “Draft”
Human heterochromatic
genome 2001, “finished”
2003
***Human
genome a given:
annotate, interpret, manipulate
CRISPR-cas
technology
(2013)
“Environmental
Sequencing”
of 1,500 L seawater: 1.2M genes in 1 Gbp (2004)
One
Thousand Genomes Project
(1KGP)
announced
(2008)
Next-Generation Sequencing routine from 2012 [S&R 1.13 & 14]
Ex. Illumina Sequencing specs: Throughput
>> 106 nucleotides
/ second,
~ 1 human genome at 1x coverage / hour
~ 1
human genome at ~30x coverage / day
Ex.: NovaSeq 6000s:
Complete
human genome in 16 hours
***
Waaay too
much data: Bioinformatics
HF Judson
(1996). The Eighth Day of Creation, 2nd ed. Cold
Spring Harbor Lab Press.
AH Sturtevant (1965). A History of Genetics
[Reprint edition 2001]. Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press.
JD Watson (2012). The Double Helix [Annotated
& Illustrated 50th anniversary edition]. Simon &
Schuster.