(a) Ellesmere, Axel Heiberg, and Devon Islands (Beschel 1970): 1, ice caps; 2, polar desert; 3, Luzula steppe; 4, polar steppe; 5, Dryas tundra; 6, Cassiope tundra. (b) Novaya Zemlya (Alexandrova 1960 in Tedrow 1977): 1, ice caps; 2, northern variant of alpine polar desert; 3, southern variant of alpine polar desert; 4, northern variant of polar desert zone; 4, southern variant of polar desert zone; 6, alpine arctic tundra; 7, northern variant of arctic tundra subzone; 8, southern variant of arctic tundra subzone.