Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, L.J. Gillespie, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, A.K. Brysting and H. Solstad


References (28 April 2003)

Aares, E. Nuriminiemi, M. and Brochman, C. 2000. Incongruent phylogeographies in spite of similar morphology, ecology, and distribution: Phippsia algida and P. concinna (Poaceae) in the North Atlantic region. Plant Syst. Evol. 220: 241–261.

Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. and Forbes, D.G. 1995. Molecular diversity and derivations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxifraga oppositifolia from the high Arctic and more southerly latitudes. Molecular Ecology 4: 199–207.

Abbot, R.J., Smith, L.C., Milne, R.I., Crawford, R.M.M., Wolff, K., Balfour, J. Molecular analysis of plant migration and refugia in the Arctic. Science 289: 1343–1346.

Adams, R.J., and Smith, M.V. 1977. Scanning electron microscope and light microscope studies of pollens of some Leguminosae. J. Apic Res. 16: 99–106.

Adams, C.M. and Hutchinson, T.C. 1984. A comparison of the ability to leaf surfaces of three species to neutralize acidic rain drops. New Phytologist 97: 463–478.

Adams, C.M., Dengler, N.G., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1984. Acid rain effects on foliar histology of Artemisia-tilesii. Can. J. Bot. 62: 463–474.

Addison, P. A. and Bliss, L.C. 1984. Adaptations of Luzula confusa to the polar semi desert environment. Arctic 37: 121–132.

Afzelelius, K. 1924. Embryologische und zytologische Studies in Senecio und verwandten Gattungen. Acta Horti Bergiani,8: 123–219.

Afzelelius, K. 1949. On chromosome numbers in Senecio and some related genera. Acta Horti Bergaiani, 165: 18–22.

Afzelelius, K. 1967. Chromosome numbers in some Senecioneae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 61: 1–9

Ager, T.A. and Ager, L.P. 1980. Ethonobotany of the Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska. Arctic Anthropology 17: 27–48.

Agriculture Canada. 1954. Progress report for 1947-1953 of the dominion experimental substations at Fort Simpson. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada.

Agriculture Canada. 1981. Northern development. In Challenge for growth: an agri-food strategy for Canada pp. 18-19. Research report of 1960-64. of the experimental farm at Mile 1019 of the Alaska Highway, Yukon Territory,. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada.

Aiken, S.G., 1978. (Counts on Haloragaceae) p. 522. In: A. Love (compiler). IOPB Chromosome number reports LXII. Taxon, 27: 519–535.

Aiken, S.G., P.F. Lee, D. Punter and J.M. Stewart. 1988. Wild rice in Canada. NC Press Ltd. Toronto. 130 pp.

Aiken, S.G., and Darbyshire, S.J. 1990. Fescue grasses of Canada. Agric. Can. Publ. No. 1844/E.

Aiken, S.G., and Lefkovitch, L.P. 1990. Arctagrostis (Poaceae, tribe Pooideae) in North America and Greenland. Can. J. Bot. 68: 2422–2432.

Aiken, S.G. and Fedak. G. 1992. Chromosome numbers in North American Festuca (Poaceae). Can. J. Bot. 70: 1940–1944.

Aiken, S.G., Consaul, L.L., Davis, J.I., and Manos, P.S. 1993. Systematic inferences from variation in isozyme profiles of arctic and alpine cespitose Festuca (Poaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 80: 76–82.

Aiken, S.G., Consaul, L.L., Spidle, A., and May, B. 1994. Allozyme and morphological observations on Festuca hyperborea, compared with F. baffinensis and F. brachyphylla (Poaceae) from the Canadian Arctic. Nord. J. Bot. 14: 137–143.

Aiken, S.G., Consaul, L.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1995 onwards. Grasses of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/.

Aiken, S.G., Consaul, L.L., and Lefkovitch, L.P. 1995. Festuca edlundiae (Poaceae), a High Arctic, new species compared enzymatically and morphologically with similar Festuca species. Syst. Bot. 20: 374–392.

Aiken, S.G., Consaul, L.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1996. Grasses of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a DELTA database for interactive identification and illustrated information retrieval. Can. J. Bot. 74: 1812–1825.

Aiken, S.G., Dallwitz, M.J., McJannet, C.L., and Consaul, L.L. 1997. Fescue grasses of North America. Interactive identification and information retrieval. Cd-Rom. Canadian Museum of Nature.

Aiken, S.G., Dallwitz, M.J., McJannet, C.L., Gillespie, L.J., and Consaul, L.L. 1998. Saxifragaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a DELTA database for interactive identification and illustrated information retrieval. Can. J. Bot. 76: 2020–2036.

Aiken, S.G., Boles, R.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1999 onwards. Cyperaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Aiken, S.G., Dallwitz, M.J., Consaul, L.L., McJannet, C.L., Gillespie, L.J., Boles, R.L., Argus, G.W., Gillett, J.M., Scott, P.J., Elven, R., LeBlanc, M.C., Brysting, A.K. and Solstad, H. 1999 onwards. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Aiken, S.G., Boles, R.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Juncaceae and Liliaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Aiken, S.G. and Buck, R. A. 2002. Aquatic leaves and regeneration of last year’s straw in the arctic grass Arctophila fulva. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 116: 81–86.

Ǻkerberg, E. 1942. Cytogenetic studeis of Poa pratensis and its hybrid with Poa alpina Heriditas, 25: 359–370.

Albright, W.D. 1933. Crop growth at high latitude. Geographical Review, 23: 608–620.

Alexandrova, V.D. 1980. The Arctic and Antarctic: Their division into geobotanical areas. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 247 pp. (translated from the 1977 Russian edition).

Alexeev, E.B. 1985. Festuca L. in Alaska and Canada. Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 5–35.

Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 1984. The tribes of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 343–373.

Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 1987. The genera of Alysseae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the south-eastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 185-240.

Al-Shehbaz, I.A., O'Kane, S.L. Jr. and Price, R.A. 1999. Generic placement of species excluded from Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 9: 296–307.

Alunik, I. 1998. Call me Ishmael: Memories of an Inuvialuk Elder. Kolausok Ublaaq Enterprises, Inuvik.

Amundsen, R. 1908. The North West Passage: being a record of a voyage of exploration of the ship Gjøa 1903–1907. London, Archibald, Constable 2 vols.

Andersson, G., and Hesselmman, G. 1900. Bidrag till Kännedomen om Spetsbergens och Beeren Eilands Kärlväxtflora. Bih. t. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26: 1–88.

Anderson, J.P. 1939. Plants used by the Eskimos of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic regions of Alaska. Amer. J. Bot. 26: 714–716.

Andre, A. and Fehr, A. 2000. Gwich’in Ethonobotany: plants used by the Gwich’in for foood, Medicine, shelter and Tools. Gwich’in Social and Cultural Institute and Auroroa Research Institute, Inubik, Northwest Territories. 68 pp.

Andrews, J.T., Mode, W.N., Webber, P.J., Miller G.H. and Jacobs, J.D. 1980. Report on the distribution of dwarf birches and present pollen rain. Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic, 33: 50–58.

Angier, B. 1970. Edible northern plants. The Beaver (Winter): 21–23.

Anon, 1984. Traditional medicine project. Avataq Cultural Institute. ISBN 0-920245-00-5.

Anon, 1997. Voices from the Bay. Canadian Arctic Resources Committee and the Environmental Committee of Sanikiluaq.

Antonova, N.N. and Petrovsky, V.V. 1986. Stellaria longipes (Caryophyllaceae) i eyo sorodiczi na severo-vostoke Azii. Bot. Zhurn. 71: 57–66.

Arant, W.L. 1935. Problems in the production of fireweed honey. Am. Bee J. 74: 480–481.

Argys, 1965,. The taxonomy of the Salix glauca complex in North America. Contr. Gray Herb. Harv. Uni. 196: 3–142.

Argus, G.W. 1973. The genus Salix in Alaska and the Yukon. National Museum of Natural Sciences. Publications in Botany 2. 279 pp.

Argus, G.W., and Davis, M.B. 1962. Macrofossils from a late‑glacial deposit at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Am. Midl. Nat. 67: 106–117.

Argus, G.W., McJannet, C.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1999 onwards. Salicaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Argus, G.W. 2002. Interactive Identification of New World Salix (Salicaceae). http://www.uaa.alaska.edu/enri/willow/index.html

Armbruster, W.S., Mcguire, A.D. 1991. Aster and Erigeron Asteraceae in interior Alaska.Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1449–1457.

Armstrong, J.M. 1937. A cytological study of the genus Poa. Can. J. Res., C. 15: 281–297.

Arumuganathan, K. and Earle., E.D. 1991. Estimation of nuclear DNA content of plants by flow cytometry. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 9: 229–233.

Arwidsson, T. 1938. Einige neue Gesichtspunkte zu den Chromosomenzahlen-bestimmungen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 32: 391 –208.

Arwidsson, T. 1943. Studien über die Gefässpflanzen in den Hochgebirgen der Pite Lapmark. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 17: 1–274.

Asker, S. 1970. Apomixes and sexuality in the Potentilla argentea complex. I. Crosses with other species. Hereditas, 66: 127–144.

Asker, S. 1971. Some viewpoints on Fragaria x Potentilla intergeneric hybridization. Hereditas, 67: 181–190.

Asker, S. and Frost, S. 1970. The Potentilla collina problem, a chemostaxonomic approach. Hereditas, 66: 49–70.

Asker, S., and Jerling, L. 1992. Apomixis in plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Atkinson, D. E. 2000. Topoclimatic modeling of summer surface air temperature in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Department of Geography. Theses (Ph. D). Ottawa: University of Ottawa.

Babb, T.A., and Bliss, L.C. 1974. Susceptibility to environmental impact in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Arctic 27: 234–237 [and map].

Babcock, E.B. 1947. The genus Crepis. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 21–22: 1–1030.

Baldwin, J.T. 1939 Chromosomes of the Diapensiaceae. A cytological approach to a phylogenetic problem. J.. Heridity, 30: 169–171.

Ball, P.W., and Zoladz, M. 1994. The taxonomy of Carex petricosa (Cyperaceae) and related species in North America. Rhodora 96: 295–310.

Bank, T.P. II. 1951. Botanical and Ethobotanical studies in the Aleutian Islands. Aleutian Vegetation and Aleut Culture. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 37: 13–130.

Bank, T.P. II. 1952. Botanical and Ethobotanical studies in the Aleutian Islands. Health and Medial Lore of the Aleuts. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 38: 415–431.

Barkworth, M.E., and Atkins, R.J. 1984. Leymus Hochst. (Gramineae: Triticeae) in North America: Taxonomy and distribution. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 609–625.

Barlow, P.W. and Nevin D. 1976. Quantitative karyology of some species of Luzula. Plant Syst. Evol. 125 (2): 77–86.

Barneby, R.C. 1952. A revision of the North American species of Oxytropis DC. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. IV, 27: 177–312.

Barneby, R.C. 1964. Atlas of North America Astragalus. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 1–1188.

Barnett, D.M., Edlund, S.A., and Dredge K,A. 1975. Integrated landscape mapping of eastern Melville Island, District of Franklin. Geol. Survey of Canada, Paper 75-01A. pages 381–382.

Barrett, P.E. and Teeri, J.A. 1973. Vascular plants of the Truelove Inlet region, Devon Island. Arctic 26: 58–67.

Barton, N.H., and Charlesworth, B. 1984. Genetic revolutions, founder effect, and speciation. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 133–164.

Bassett, I. J. 1967. Taxonomy of Plantago L. in North America. Sections Holopsyllium Pilger, Palaeopayllium Pilger and Lamprosantha Decne. Can. J. Bot. 45: 565–577.

Bassett, I. J. and C.W. Crompton. 1968. Pollen morphology and chromosome numbers of the family Plantaginaceae in North America. Can. J. Bot. 46: 349–361.

Bassirirad, H., Tissue, D.T., Reynolds, J.F., and Chapin, F.S. 1996. Response of Eriophorum vaginatum to a CO2 enrichment at different soil temperatures: Effects of growth, root respiration and PO4-3 uptake kinetics. New Phytologist 133: 423–430.

Baum, D.A. Sytsma, K.J., Hoch, P.C. 1994. A phylogenetic analysis of Epilobium (Onagraceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 19: 363–388.

Baumberger, H. 1970. Chromosomenzahlbestimmungen und Karyotypanalyse bei den Gattungen Anemone, Hepatica und Pulsatilla. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 80: 17–96.

Bay, C. 1992. A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of northern Greenland – north of 74° northern latitude. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience, 36: 1–102.

Bay, C. 1993. Taxa of vascular plants new to the flora of Greenland. Nord. J. Bot. 13: 247–252.

Bayer, R.J. 1980. Patterns of isozyme variation in western North American Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). 1. Diploid and polyploid species of section Alpinae. Am. J. Bot. 76: 679–691.

Bayer, R.J.1984. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes for North American species of Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Syst. Bot. 9: 74–83.

Bayer, R.J.1987. Morphometric analyses of western North American Antennaria Gaertner (Asteraceae: Inuleae). I. Sexual species of sections Alpinae, Dioicae, and Plantaginifoliae. Can. J. Bot. 65: 2389–2395.

Bayer, R.J.1991. Allozyme and morphological variation in Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae)from the low arctic of north-western North America. Syst. Bot. 16: 492–506.

Bayer, R.J.1993. A synopsis with keys for the genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae) of North America. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1589–1604.

Bayer, R.J.1993a. A taxonomic revision of the genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphallinae) of Alaska and Yukon Territory, northwestern North America. Arctic and Alpine Research 25:150–159.

Bayer, R.J. and Stebbins, G.L. 1993. A synopsis with keys for the genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae) of North America. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1589–1604.

Bayer, R.J., Soltis, D.E., and Soltis, P.S. 1996. Phylogenetic inferences in Antennaria (Asteraceae: Gnaphallinae: Cassubuubae) based on sequences from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Amer. J. Bot. 83: 516–527.

Bayfield N G. 1996. Long-term changes in colonization of bulldozed ski pistes at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 33(6):1359-1365.

Bazilevich, N.I., Todhkov, A.A., and Vilchek, G.E. 1997. Live and dead reserve and primary

 production in polar desert, tundra and forest tundea of the former Soviet Union. Pages 509–539 . in F.E. Wielgolaki (ed.) Polar and alpine tundra. Vol. 3.Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Bednara, J. 1977. Female gametophyte and pollen tube of Epilobium palustre Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 46: 603-616.Bednara, J. 1978. Embryology of Epilobium palustre. Cell walls in the macrospore tetrad. Biul Lubel Tow Nauk Biol. 20: 69-76.

Beerling, D.J. 1998. Salix herbacea L. In, Biological flora of the British Isles. J. Ecol. 86: 872–895.

Belaeva, V.A. and Siplivinsky, V.N. 1976. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some species of Baikal flora. Bot. Zhurn. 61(6): 873-880. (In Russian.)

Bélanger, A. and Dextraze, L.1992. Variablity of chamazulene within Achillea milllefolium.. Acta Hortic. 330: 141-146.

Bergsma, B.M. 1986. The effect of low temperatures and continuous photoperiod on the growth of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the high and mid arctic. Northwest Territories, Canada. M.Sc. thesis. University of Toronto. Tornoto.

 Bergstrom, G. and Bergstrom J. 1989. Floral scents of Bartis alpina Scrophylariacaeae, Chemical composition and variation between individual plants. Nord. J. Bot. 9: 363-366.

Berkutenko, A.N. 1979. Notulae systematicae de genere Draba L. In parte boreali-orientale URSS. Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 16: 119-125. (In Russian).

Berkutenko, A.N. and Gurzenkov, N. 1976. Chromosome numbers and distribution of Cruciferae in the south of the Magadan region. Bot Zhurn. 61: 1595-1603. (In Russian).

Berkutenko, A.N, Tzytlenok, S.I. and, Pulkina, S.V. 1984. Chromosome numbers and dispersal of the Brassicaceae family in the Magadan district. Bot Zhurn. 69: 75-80. (In Russian).

Bernard, J.M. 1990. Life history and vegetative reproduction in Carex. Can. J. Bot. 68: 1441–1448.

Bell, K.L., and Bliss, L.C. 1977. Overwintering phenology of plants in a polar semi desert. Arctic 20: 118–121.

Bell, K.L., and Bliss, L.C. 1978. Root growth in a polar semi desert environment. Can. J. Bot. 56: 2470–2490.

Benson, L. 1948. A treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Am. Midl. Nat. 40: 1–261.

Bernier, J.E. 1910. Cruise of the Arctic 1908-1909. Report of the Dominion of Canada Govenrment Expedition to the Arctic Islands and Hudson Strait on boards the D.G.S. “Arctic”. Ottawa, Govenrment Printing Bureau

Beschel, R.E. 1970. The diversity of tundra vegetation. Pp. 85–92. In W.A. Fuller and P.G. Kevan (Eds.) Productivity and conservation in Northern Circumpolar Lands. I.U.C.N. Publ. 16 (n.s.) 344 pp.

Blackburn, K.B. and Morton, J.K. 1957. The incidence of polyploidy in the Caryophyllaceae of Britain and of Portugal. New Phytol. 56: 344–351.

Bliss, L.C. 1962. Caloric and lipid content in alpine tundra plants. Ecology 43: 753–757.

Bliss, L.C. 1977. Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: a high arctic ecosystem. Univ. Alberta Press, Edmonton. 714 pp.

Bliss, L.C. 1997. Arctic ecosystems of North America. 551–683 in F.E. Wiegolski (ed.) Polar and alpine tundra. Vol. 3. Elsier, Amstedam.

Bliss, L.C., and Svoboda, J. 1984. Plant communities and plant production in the western Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada. Holarct. Ecol. 7: 325–344.

Blondeau, M. 1996. The Flora of Nunavik. Seashore Flora. Tumivut 5: 41–48 and 86.

Boaz, F. 1885. Baffin-Land : geographische Ergebnisse einer in den Jahren 1883 und 1884 ausgeführten Forschungsreise / von Franz Boas. Gotha [Germany] : J. Perthes,

Böcher, T.W. 1938. Zur Zytologie einiger arktischen und borealen Blütenpflanzen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 32: 346–361.

Böcher, T.W. 1952. Contributions to the flora and plant geography of West Greenland III. Vascular plants collected or observed during the botanical expedition to West Greenland 1946. Medd. Gronl. 147(9): 1–85.

Böcher, T.W. 1954. Oceanic and continental vegetational complex in S. W. Greenland. Medd. Gronl. 148(1): 1–336.

Böcher, T.W. 1962. A cytological and morphological study of the species hybrid Chamaenerion angustifolium X C. latifolium. Bot. Tidssk. 58: 1–34.

Böcher, T.W.1963. Experimental and cytological studies on plant species. VIII. Racial differentiation in amphi-atlantic Viscaria alpina. Biol. Skr. 11(6).

Böcher, T.W. 1966. Experimental and cytological studies on plant species. IX. Some arctic and montane Crucifers. – Biol. Skr. D. Vid. Selskab 14(7): 1–74.

Böcher, T.W. 1977. Cerastium alpinum and C. arcticum, a mature polyploid complex. Bot. Not. 130: 303–309.

Böcher, T.W. and Larsen, K. 1950. Chromosome numbers of some arctic or boreal flowering plants. Medd. Grønland. 147(7): 1–32.

Böcher, T.W., Holmen, K., and Jakobsen, K. 1957. Groenlands Flora. Kobenhaven: P. Haase & Sons Forlag. English edition.

Böcher, T.W., Holman, K., and Jakobsen, K. 1968. The flora of Greenland. Copenhagen: P. Haase & Sons.

Bocquet, G. 1969. Revision Physolychnidum (Silene sect. Physolychnis). Phanerog. Monogr. 1.

Bogel, A.L. 1961. A study of the genus Petasites in the Pacific Northwest, with special reference to Petasites warrenii St. John. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

Bogoras, W. 1904. The Chukchee In Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. 7, esp. 197-199. Mem Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. 11. 733 pp.

Bohlmann, F and Ziesche, J. 1979. New germacrene derivatives from Senecio species. Phytochemistry (oxf) 18: 1489–1494.

Boivin, B. 1962. Étudies sure les Oxytropis DC. I. Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. Bd. 57, H.4. Uppsala.

Boivin, B. 1967. Énumération des plantes du Canada. VI. Monopsides. Nat. Can. (Quebec) 94: 471–528.

Boivin, B. 1967. Étudies sur les Oxyptopis DC. Nat. Can. (Quebec) 94: 73–78.

Bolkhovskikh, Z., Grif, V., Matveyeva, T., and Zakharyeva, O.. 1969.Khromosomnye chisla tsvetkovykh rasteniy. Chromsome number of flowering plants. Leningrad.

Bomser, J.,Madhavi, D.L. Singletary, K., and Smith, M.A. 1996. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts of Vaccinium species. Planta Med. 62: 212-216. [Evidence that component of lowbush blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry exhibit potential anticarcinogenic activity as evaluated by in vitro screening tests.]

Borgen, L. and Elven, R. 1983. Chromosome numbers of flowering plants from northern Norway and Svalbard. Nord. J. Bot. 3: 301–306.

Bone, R.M. 1992. The geography of the Canadian North. Oxford University Press. Toronto.

Borisovskay, G.M. 1985. Leaf structure in some tundra species of the genus Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae). Bot. Zh. 12: 1629–1636.

Bormann, F.H. and Beatty, A.V. 1955. Chromosome numbers of plants from the Arctic Slope of Alaska. I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 82: 118 –120.

Börner, C. 1912. Botanisch-systematische Notizen. Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 21: 245–282.

Borre, K. 1990. The biocultural model of dietary decision making among North Baffin Island Inuit: Explaining the ecology of food consumption by native canadians. Ph.D. dissertation, Univeristy of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Boşcaiu, M., Vincente, O., and Ehrendorfer, F. 1999. Chromosome numbers, karyotypes and nuclear DNA contents from perennial polyploid groups of Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 218: 13–21.

Bird, J. B. 1972. The physical characterictis of Northern Canada. In The north: Studies in Canadian Geography, edited by William C. Wonder. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Bostock, H.S. 1964. Physiographic subdivisions of Canada. In Geology and Economic Mineral of Canada. Edited by R.J.W. Douglas;. Ottawa, Queen’s Printer.

Bowden, W.M. 1953. Cytotaxonomical sand genetic studies in the genus Elymus, section Psammelymus Hack. 656–657.

Bowden, W.R. 1956. Cytotaxonomic studies on northern grasses. Proc. Genet. Soc. Canada 1: 25.

Bowden, W.R. 1957. Cytotaxonomy of section Psammelymus of the genus Elymus L. Can. J. Bot. 35: 951–993.

Bowden, W.R. 1960b. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses. III. Twenty-five genera. Can. J. Bot. 38: 541–557.

Bowden, W.R. 1961. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses. IV. Tribe Festuceae: Poa and Puccinellia. Can. J. Bot. 39: 123–­­138.

Brandenberg, B. 1948. On the chromoosome numbers of some speciews of Festuca sect. Ovinae. Ark. Bot. 33B, 44: 1-4.

Brassard, G.R. and Steere, W.C. 1968. The mosses of Bathurst Island, N.W.T. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, unpublished report.

Brawshaw, A.D. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Adv. Genet. 13: 115–155.

Brayshaw, T.C. 1966. Catkin-bearing plants of British Columbia. Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum.

Brenchley, W.E. and Heintze, S.G. 1933. Colonization by Epilobium angustifolium. J. Ecol. 21:101–120.

Brett, O.E. 1951. Chromosome numbers of Cerastium species. Nature 168: 793-794.

Bridgland, J., and Gillett, J.M. 1983. Vascular plants of the Hayes Sound region Ellesmere Island. Can. Field-Nat. 97: 279–92.

Britton, N.L., and Rydberg, P.A. 1901. Contributions to the Botany of the Yukon Territory. 4. An enumeration of the flowering plants collected by R.S. Williams and J.B. Tarleton. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 172. 1901.

Britton, D.M. 1953. Chromosome studies in ferns. Amer. J. Bot. 40: 575–583.

Britton, D.M. 1964. Chromosome numbers of ferns in Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 42: 1349–1354.

Britton, D.M. 1965. Hybrid ferns of Ontario. Michigan Bot. 4: 3–9.

Britton, D.M. and J.H. Soper, J.H. 1966. The cytology and distribution of Dryopteris species in Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 44: 63–78.

Brochmann, C. and Steen, S.W. Sex and genes in the flora of Svalbard – implications for conservation biology and climatic change. Det. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. I. Matematisk Naturvitenskapelig Klass, Skrifter, Ny serie, 38: 33-72.

Brochmann, C. 1992. Pollen and seed morphology of Nordic Draba (Brassicaceae): phylogenetic and ecological implications. Nord. J. Bot. 12: 657–673.

Brochman C., and Elven, R. 1992. Ecological and genetic consdquences of polyploidy in Arctic Draba. Evolutionary trends in Plants 6: 111–123.

Brochman, C. 1992. Reproductive strategies of diploid and polyploid populaitons of arctic Draba Brassicaceae. Pl. Sys. Evol. 185: 55–83.

Brochmann, C.1993. Reproductive strategies of diploid and polyploid populations of arctic Draba (Brassicaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 185: 55–83.

Brochma, C. Borgen, L. and B. Stedje. 1992. Gene flow across ploidal levels in Draba (Brassicaceae). Ev. Trends Plants 6: 125–134.

Brochman, C., Borgen, L. and B. Stedje. 1992a Crossings relationships and chromosome numbers of Nordic populations of Draba (Brassicaceae), with emphasis on the D. alpina complex. Nord. J. Bot. 13: 121–147.

Brochmann, C., Borgen, L. and Stedje, B. 1993. Crossing relationships and chromosome numbers of Nordic populations of Draba (Brassicaceae), with emphasis on the D. alpina complex. Nord. J. Bot. 13: 121–147.

Brochmann, C., Soltis, P.S., and Soltis, D.E. 1991. Recurrent formaton and polyphylly of Nordic polyploids in Brassicaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 79: 673–688.

Brochmann, C., Soltis, P.S., and Soltis, D.E. 1991. Multiple origins of the octoploid Scandinavian endemic Draba cacuminum: electrophoretic and morphological evidence. Nord. J. Bot. 12: 257–272.

Brochmann, C., Soltis, D.E., and Soltis, P.S. 1992. Electrophoretic relationships and phylogeny of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 182: 35–70.

Brochmann, C., Soltis, P.S., and Soltis, D.E. 1992a Recurrent formation and polyphyly of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 79: 673–688.

Brochmann, C. Stedje, B., and Borgen, L. 1992b. Gene flow across ploidal levels in Draba (Brassicaceae). Evolutionary trends in plants. 1: 125–134.

Brochmann, C., Stedje, B., and Borgen, L. 1992. Gene flow across ploidal levels in Draba (Brassicaceae). Evolutionary Trends in Plants 6: 125–134.

Brochmann, C., Xiang, Q-Y, Brunsfeld, S.J,. Soltis, D.E., and Soltis P.S. 1998. Molecular evidence for polyploid origins in Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 135–143.

Broderick, D.H. 1990. The biology of Canadian Weeds: 93 Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae). Can. J. Plant Sci. 70: 247–260.

Brodo, I.M. 1978. Preliminary checklist of the lichesn of Bathurst Island, N.W.T. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. Unpublished report.

Brown, D.F.M. 1964. A monographic study of the fern genus Woodsia. Nova Hedwigia 16: 1–154.

Brysting, A.K. 1999. Reticulate Evolution and its taxonomical consequences: two examples from the arctic-alpine flora. Doctoral Scientiarum Botanical Garden and Museum, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Oslo.

Brysting, A.K. 2000. Chromosome number variation in the polyploid Cerastium alpinum-C. arcticum complex (Caryophyllaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 20: 149–156.

Brysting, A K., and Borgen, L. 2000. Isozyme analysis of the Cerastium alpinum-C. arcticum complex (Caryophyllaceae) supports a splitting of C. arcticum Lange. Plant Syst. Evol. 220: 199–221.

Brysting, A.K., Gabrielsen, T.M., Sorlibråten, O., Ytrehorn, O., and Brochmann, C. 1996. The purple Saxifrage, Saxifraga oppositifolia, in Svalbard: two taxa or one? Polar Research 15: 93–105.

Brysting, A.K. and Elven, R. 2000. The Cerastium alpinum-C. arcticum complex (Caryophyllaceae): numerical analyses of morphological variation and a taxonomical revision of C. arcticum Lange sens lat. Taxon 49: 189–216.

Bult, C.J. and Zimmer, E.A. 1993. Nuclear ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring tribal relationships within Onagraceae. Syst. Bot. 18: 48–63.

Bunge, A. 1869. Species of Oxytropis DC. Mem. Acad.Sci. St. Petersbourg. VII, 22: 1–166.

Burt, P. 2000. Barrenland Beauties: showy plants of the Canadian Arctic. Outcrop Limited. The Northern Publishers, Yellowknife, N.W.T. 238 p.

Butler, K.P. 1967. Zytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an mittel und süd-europäischen Draba Arten. Mitt. Bot. München, 6: 275–362.

Bruun, H.G. 1932. Cytological studies in Primula with special reference to the relation between the karyology and taxonomy of the genus. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 1: 1–239.

Bruun, H.G. 1938. Studies on heterstyled plants. 2. Primula scandinavica nov. sp. Endemic in Scandinavia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 32: 249–260.

Cai, Q. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1989. Studies on the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae): characterization of the genetic basis of isozymes. Can. J. Bot. 67: 2960–2966.

Calder, J.A. 1951. Plants from the upper Frobisher Bay region, Baffin Island, N.W.T. Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 65: 47–60.

Carlquist, S. 1989. Wood and bark anatomy of Empetraceae.: comments on pedomprphosis in woods of certain small shrubs. Aliso 12: 497–516.

Carlsson, B.A., and Callaghan, T.V. 1994. Impact of climate change factors on the clonal sedge Carex bigelowii: implications for population growth and vegetative spread. Ecography 17: 321–330.

Casper, S.J. 1962. Revision der Gattung Pinguicula in Eurasia. Feddes Repert. 66: 1–148.

Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map Team, 2003. Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Map 1. 1:7,500,000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK.

Cayouette, J. 1984. Additions et extensions d'aire dans la flore vasculaire du Nouveau-Québec. Nat. Can. (Quebec) 111: 263–274.

Cayouette, J., Dion, L., and Blondeau, M. 1993. Nouvelles stations du Saule d’Alaska, Salix alaxensis, au Nunavik, Québec. Can. Field-Nat. 107: 345–348.

Ceccarelli, M., Falistocco, E. and Cionini P.G.. 1992. Variation of genome size and organization within hexaploid Festuca arundinacea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 273–278.

Chandler, R.F., Hooper, S.N., and Harvey, M.J. 1982. Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of yarrow, Achillea millefolium, Compositae. Econ. Bot. 36: 203–32.

Chapin III, F. S., Moilanen, L., and Kielland, K. 1993. Preferential use of organic nitrogen for growth by a non-mycorrhizal arctic sedge. Nature 361: 150–153.

Chapin, D.M., Bliss, L.C., & Bledsoe, L.J. 1991. Environmental regulation of nitrogen fixation in a high artic lowland ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 2744–2755.

Chase, A., and Niles, C.D. 1962. Index to Grass Species. Vol.1. G.K. Hall & Co. Boston, MA.

Chater, A.O. 1980. Carex L. In Flora Europaea Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Chater, A.O., Walters, S.M. and Akeroyd, J.R. 1993. Silene L. In Flora Europaea Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Cherniawsky, D.M., and R.J. Bayer. 1998. Systematics of North American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). I. A taxonomic revision. Can. J. Bot. 76: 23–36.

Cherniawsky, D.M., and R.J. Bayer. 1998. Systematics of North American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). III. A taxonomic revision. Can. J. Bot. 76: 2061–2075.

Chin, T.C. 1941. The cytology of some wild species of Hordeum Ann. Bot. (London) 5: 535–546.

Chinnappa, C.C. 1985. Biosystematics of the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae). J. Cytol. Genet. 20: 45-58.

Chinnappa, C.C. and Chmielewski, J.G. 1987. Documented plant chromosome numbers 1982: 1. Miscellaneous counts from western North America. Sida 12: 409–417.

Chinnappa, C.C., and Morton, J.K. 1974. The cytology of Stellaria longipes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 16: 499–514.

Chinnappa, C.C., and Morton, J.K. 1976. Studies on the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex –variation in wild populations. Rhodora 78: 488–502.

Chinnappa, C.C., and Morton, J.K. 1984. Studies on the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex (Caryophyllaceae). Syst. Bot. 9: 60–73.

Chmielewski, J.G. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1988. Taxonomic notes and chromosome numbers in Antennaria Gaertner (Asteraceae: Inuleae) from Arctic North America. Arctic and Alpine Research 20: 117–124.

Chmielewski, J.G. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1988. The genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America. II. Additional chromosome counts. Rhodora 90: 133–137.

Chmielewski, J.G., Chinnappa, C.C. and Warner, B.G. 1988. Pollen morphology of North America species of Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Can. J. Bot. 68: 1233–1238.

Chmielewski, J.G. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1990. The genus Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in Arctic North America: Chromosome numbers and Taxonomic notes. Rhodora 92: 264–276.

Chmielewski, J.G. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1991. Gender dependent and independent morphological dimorphism in sexual and apomictic Antennaria monocephala sensu lato. Can. J. Bot. 69: 1443–1448.

Chmielewski, J.G. 1994. The Antennaria frieseana (Asteraceae: Inuleae) polyploid complex: morphological variation in sexual and agamospermous taxa. Can. J. Bot. 72: 1018–1026.

Chmielewski, J.G. 1998. Antennaria alpina (Asteraceae: Inuleae): revision of a misunderstood arctic-alpine polyploid species complex. Rhodora 100, 901: 39–68.

Christoff, M. and G. Papasova. 1943. Die Genetischen Grundlagen der apomiktischen Fortpflanzung in der Gattung Potentilla Z. indukt. Abstagmmungs-und Verebungslehre, 81:1–27.

Chrtek, J. and Krísa, B. 1962. A taoxonomic study of the species Luzula spicata (L.) D.C. sensu lato in Europe. Bot. Notisser, 115: 293– 310.

Chung, In-Cho. 1989. Eastern North America as seen by a botanist: Pictorial. 1. The Arctic Region. Samhwa Printing CO. Ltd. Seoul, Korea.

Chowdhuri, P.K. 1957. Studies in the genus Silene. Notes. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 221–278.

Chrtek, J., and Krisa, B. 1980 Luzula DC. In Flora Europaea Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map. 2003. Scale 1:7,5000,000. CAFF Map. No.1.

Clark, M.S. & W.J. Wall. 1996. Chromosomes, the complex code. Chapman & Hall, London.

Cody, W.J., Parker, G.R. Lamperd, D.B.M. 1976. Additions to the vascular flora of Melville Island, Franklin District, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 90: 70–72.

Cody, W.J. 1978. Range extensions and comments on the vascular flora of the Continental Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 92: 144–150.

Cody, W.J. Scotter, G.W. and Zoltai, S.C. 1984. Additions to the vascular plant flora of the Bathurst Inlet Region, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 98: 171–177.

Cody, W.J. Scotter, G.W. and Zoltai, S.C. 1984. Additions to the vascular plant flora of Bylot Island, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 98: 485–487.

Cody, W.J. Scotter, G.W. and Zoltai, S.C. 1989. Vascular plant flora of the Wager Bay region, district of Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 103: 551–559.

Cody, W.J., Darbyshire, S.J. and Kennedy, C.E. 1990. A bluegrass, Poa pseudoabbreviata Roshev., New to the flora of Canada, and some additional records from Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 104: 589–591.

Cody, W.J. 1996. Flora of the Yukon Territory. NRC.CNRC, NRC Research Press, Ottawa.

Colless, D.H. 1985. On “character” and related terms. Syst. Zool. 34: 229–233.

Consaul, L.L., and Gillespie, L.J. 2001. A re-evaluation of species limits in Canadian Arctic Island Puccinellia (Poaceae): resolving key characters. Can. J. Bot. 79: 927–956.

Contandriopoulos, J. 1957. Nouvelle contributions à l’étude caryologique des endemiques de la Corse. Bull Soc. Bot Farnce, 104 : 544–538.

Cooper D. J. and MacDonald, L. H. 2000. Restoring the vegetation of mined peat lands in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 8(2): 103–111.

Cox, A.V., Abdelnour, G.J., Bennet, M.D. , and I.J. Leithc. 1998. Genome size and karyotype evolution in the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 681–687.

Cranston, D.M., and Valentine, D.H. 1983. Transplant experiments on rare plants species from upper Teesdale, England, U.K. Biol. Conserv. 26: 175–191.

Crawford, R.M.M. and Palin, M.A. 1985. Root respiration and temperature limits to the North South distribution of four perennial maritime plants. Flora (Jena) 171: 338–354.

Crawford, R.M.M. 1995. Plant survival in the high Arctic. Biologist 42: 101–105.

Crawford, R.M.M., Chapman, H.M., Abbott, R.J., and Balfour, J. 1993. Potential impact of climatic warming on Arctic vegetation. Flora (Jena) 188: 367–381.

Crawford, R.M.M., Chapman, H.M. and Hodge, H. 1994. Anoxia tolerance in High Arctic vegetation. Arctic and Alpine Research 26: 308–312.

Crins, W.J. 1990. Phylogenetic considerations below the sectional level in Carex. Can. J. Bot. 68: 1433–1440.

Cronquist, A. 1979. Compositae, Senecioneae. In North America flora. Series II. Part 10. Pp 174–179.

Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia Unversity Press. N.Y.

Cronquist, A., Holmgren, A.H., Holmgren, N.H., and Reveal, J.L. 1977. Intermountain flora. Vascular Plants of Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 6. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, NY, 584 p.

Croasdale, H. 1973. Freshwater algae of Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. National Museum of Canada, Publications in Botany No. 3, Ottawa.

Crow, G.E. 1978. A taxonomic revision of Sagina (Caryophyllaceae) in North America. Rhodora, 80: 1–90.

Cuendet, M., Potterat, O., and Hostettmann, K. (1999). Iridoid glucosides, phenylpropanoid derivatives and flavonoids from Bartsia alpina. Pharmaaceutrical Biology 37: 318–320.

Culter, D.F. 1969. IV. Juncales. Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Edited by C.R. Metcalfe. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Cummins, W.R., Bergsma, B.M., Romer, M.J., and J. Svoboda. 1988. Food from the Noerthern Land: The potential for small-scale food production in Arctic Canada. In: C. Kobelka and C. Stephens Eds. The Natural history of Canada’s North: Current Research.Occasional Papers of the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. No.3.

Dalgaard, V. 1988. Additional chromosome numbers in vascular plants from the Disko Bugt area (west Greenland). Willdenowia 19: 199–213.

Dalgaard, V. 1989. Chromosome numbers in some vascular plants from the Disko Bugt area (west Greenland). Willdenowia 18: 243–252.

Dallwitz, M.J. 1974. A flexible program for generating identification keys. Syst. Zool. 23: 50–57.

Dallwitz, M.J. 1980. A general system for coding taxonomic descriptions. Taxon 29: 41–46.

Dallwitz, M. J., Paine, T. A., and Zurcher, E. J. (1993 onwards). User’s guide to the DELTA System: a general system for processing taxonomic descriptions. 4th edition. http://delta-intkey.com

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., and Zurcher, E.J. 1995 onwards. User’s Guide to Intkey: a Program for Interactive Identification and Information Retrieval. 1st edition. http://delta-intkey.com

Dallwitz, M. J., Paine, T. A. and Zurcher, E. J. (1999 onwards). User’s guide to the DELTA Editor. http://delta-intkey.com

Dallwitz, M. J., Paine, T. A. and Zurcher, E. J. (2000 onwards). Principles of interactive keys. http://delta-intkey.com

Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A., and Zurcher, E.J. 2000. Interactive keys. In ‘Information Technology, Plant Pathology and Biodiversity’, pp. 201–212. (Eds P. Bridge, P. Jeffries, D.R. Morse, and P.R. Scott.) (CAB International: Wallingford.).

Dalpe, Y and S.G. Aiken. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Festuca species in the Canadian High Arctic. Can. J. Bot. 76: 1930–1938.

Daniels, F.J.A. 2000. Vegetation zones and biodiversity of the North American Arctic. Ber. D. Reinh.-Tüxen-Ges.12: 131–151.

Danks, H.V. 1981. Arctic Arthopods: a review of systematics and ecology with particular reference to the North American fauna. Biological Survey Project. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa.

Dansereau, P., and Steiner E.E. 1956. Studies in Potentillae of high latitudes and altitudes. II. Central Baffin island populations. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 83: 113–135.

Danvind, M. and Nilsson, C. 1997. Seed floating ability and distribution of alpine plants along a northern Swedish river. Journal of Vegetation Science 8(2): 271–276.

Darbyshire, S.J., Cayouette, J., and Warwick, S.I. 1992. The intergeneric hybrid origin of Poa labradorica (Poaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 181: 57–76.

Davies, E.W. 1956a. Some new chromosome numbers in the Cyperaceae. Watsonia, 3: 129–137.

Davies, E.W. 1956b.Cytology, evolution and origin of aneuploid series in the genus Carex. Hereditas, 42: 349–365.

Davis, J.I. 1983. A systematic treatment of the Puccinellia nuttalliana complex (Poaceae). Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle.

Dawe, J.C. and Murray, D.F. 1979. In: IOPB chromosome number reports LXIII. Taxon 28: 265–268.

Dawe, J.C. and D.F. Murray. 1980. In: Chromosome number reports LXIX (ed. A. Löve). Taxon 29: 703–730.

Dawe, J.C., and Murray, D.F. 1981. Chromosome numbers of selected Alaskan USA vascular plants. Can. J. Bot. 59: 1373–1381.

Dawe, J.C., and Murray, D.F. 1981a. In: Chromosome number reports LXXIII (ed. A. Löve). – Taxon 30: 829–861.

Dawe, J.C., and Murray, D.F. 1981b. Chromosome numbers of selected Alaskan vascular plants. Can. J. Bot. 59: 1373–1381.

Dawson, T.E. 1987. Comparative ecophysiological adaptations in arctic and alpine populations of a dioecious shrub, Salix arctica Pall. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington.

Day, D.R. and J.P. Landolt. 1978. Feasibility study for an arctic food producting facility. Technical report 78 x 2. Ottawa: Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine.

Delapp, T., Ward, E. and Pederson, M. 1988. Traditional Inupiat Health Practices. North Slope Borough, Health and Social Services Agency.

Delay, J. and D. Coustaud. 1968. Plumbaginacées. I. Inf. Ann. Caryosyst. Cytogénét. 2: 23–24.

Densmore, R.V. 1992. Succession on an Alaskan tundra disturbance with and without assisted revegetation with grass. Arct. Alp. Res. 24: 238–243.

Dewey, C. Cariology. Am. J. Sci. Arts 27: 236–241.

Dietrich, W. 1964. Documented chromosome numbers in plants. Madroňo, 17: 266–268.

Dietrich, W. 1967. Die Zytotaxonomie der Carex section Frigidae in Europe. Feddes Repert. 75: 1–42.

Doak, D.F. 1991. The consequence of herbivory for dwarf fireweed: different time scales: different morphological scales. Ecology: 1397–1407.

Dobes, C. and Hahn, B. 1997. In: IOPB chromosome data 11. IOPB Newsl. 26/27: 15–18.

Dormann, C. F; Albon, S. D; Woodin, S. J. 2002. No evidence for adaptation of two Polygonum viviparum morphotypes of different bulbil characteristics to length of growing season: abundance, biomass and germination. Polar Biology, 25: 884–891.

Dorn, R.D. 1975b. Cytological and taxonomic notes on North American Salix. Madroño 23: 99.

Douglas M.S.V., Smol J.P. and Blake W. Jr. 1994. Marked post-18th century environmental change in high-arctic ecosystems. Science 266: 416–419.

Downie, S.R. and Denford, K.E. 1988. Taxonomy of Arnica Asteraceae, subgenus Arctica. Rhodora 90: 245–276.

Downie, S.R. and Denford, K.E. 1988a. Flavinoid variation in Arnica subgenus Arctica Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 16: 133–138.

Downie, S.R.1988. Morphological and cytological flavonoid variability of the Arncia angustifolia aggregate Asteraceae. Can. J.Bot. 66: 24–39.

Dritsas, P. 1986. Plants in Inuit Culture. The ethnobotany of the Iqlulingmiut. M.A. Thesis, Université Laval.

Drury, W.H., Jr. 1962. Patterned ground and vegetation on southern Bylot Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Contr. Gray Herb., Harvard University 190: 3–111.

Ducrey, B. Wolfender, J.L., Marston, A. and Hostettmann, K. 1995. Analyses of flavonal glycosides of thirteen Epilobium species (Onagraceae) by LC-UV and thermospray LC-MS. Phytochemistry 38:129–137.

Dufour, R. Otitis media as stigma of process: conflicting understanding from Inuit culture and biomedcine. Arctic Medical Reseach 53: 669–675.

Dunn, D.B., and Gillett, J.M. 1966. The Lupins of Canada and Alaska. Research Branch, Can. Dept. Agric. Monogr. No. 2. Illus. 89p. Roger Duhamel. Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, Canada.

Dunn, J. 1977. Indigenous North American wild and cultivated plant foods. National Indian Brotherhood Report. (Written by a summer student assistant to the Heath co-ordinator).

Ediger, R.Il. and Barkley, T.M. 1978. Arnica. In North American Flora. Series II, Part 10. Edited by C.T. Rogerson. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY.

Edlund, S.A. and Hodgson, D.A. 1978. Surficial materials and vegetation, Amund Ringnes and Cornwall Islands, District of Franklin. Geol. Survey of Canada, Open File 541.

Edlund, S.A. Vegetation of Lougheed Ialand, District of Franklin. In Current Research P art A. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80-01A. pages 329–333.

Edlund, S.A 1982. Vegetation of Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Northwest Territories. Geol. Survey of Canada, Open File 884.

Edlund, S.A. 1983. Vegetation of north-central Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories. Geol. Survey of Canada, Open File 887.

Edlund, S.A. 1983a. Vegetation of the Bathurst Island area, Northwest Territories. Geol. Survey of Canada, Open File 888.

Edlund, S.A. 1983b. Reconnassance begetation studies on western Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In Current research, Part B. Geol. Survey of Canada. Paper 83–01B, pages 75–81.

Edlund, S.A. 1983. Bioclimatic zonation in a High Arctic region: Central Queen Elizabeth Islands. In Current Research, Part A. Geol. Survey of Canada. Paper 83-1A. pages 381-390.

Edlund, S.A. 1984. High Arctic plants: new limits emerge. Geos. 13: 11–15.

Edlund, S.A. and Egginton, P.A. 1984. Morphology and description of an outlier populaiton of tree-sized willows on western Victoria Island, Distrist of Franklin. Current research part A. Geol. Survey of Canada. Paper 84-01A. pages 279–285.

Edlund, 1985. Lichen-free zones as neoglacial indicators on western Melville Island, District of Franklin. In Current Research. Part A, Geol. Survey of Canada, paper 85–01A: pages 709–712.

Edlund, S.A. Modern arctic vegetation distribution and its congruence with summer climate patterns. In Climage change impacts in the Canadian Arctic. French H.M. 84–99.

Edlund, S.A. 1986. Vegetation geology, climate relations of western Melville Island, District of Franklin. In Current Research. Part A. paper 86-01A: pages 719–726.

Edlund, S.A. 1987. Plants: living weather stations. Geos. 16(2): 9–13.

Edlund, S.A. 1987a. Vegetation of western Melville Island, District of Franklin; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1509.

Edlund, S.A. 1996. Legends for vegetation of Canadian arctic islands and adjacent mainland. In D.A. Walker, and C.J. Markon (ed.). Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Mapping Workshop (St. Petersburg, Russia), US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, Open file report 96–251.

Edlund, S.A. and Alt, B.T. 1989. Regional congruence of vegetation and summer climate patterns in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 42: 3–23.

Edlund, S.A., Alt, B.T., and Young, K.L. 1989. Interaction of climate, vegetation and soil hydrology at Hot Weather Creek, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 89-01D: pp. 125–133.

Edlund, S.A. 1990. Vegetation, Central Queen Elizabeth Islands, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, “A” Series Map, 1775A, 1990.

Edlund, S.A. 1992. Vegetation of Cornwallis and adjacent islands, Northwest Territories: relationships between vegetation and surficial materials. Geological Survey of Canada 89–26. 24 pp.

Edlund, S.A. and Alt. B.A. 1989. Regional congruence of vegetation and summer climate patterns in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic 42: 2–23.

Edlund S.A. 1994. The distribution of plant communities on Melville Island. Arctic Canada. In Christie, R.L., McMillan, N.J. Geological survey of Canada Bull. 450: 247–255.

Edlund, S.A. and Garneau, M. Overview of vegetation zonation in the Arctic. In Garneau, M. and Alt, B T. 2000. Environmental response to climate change in the Canadian High Arctic. Geological Survey of Canada Bull. 529: 113–127.

Edlund, S.A., Alt, B.T., and Graneau, M. 2000. Vegetation patterns onFosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. In Garneau, M. and Alt, B T. 2000. Environmental response to climate change in the Canadian High Arctic. Geological Survey of Canada Bull. 529: 129–143.

Edmonson, J.R. 1980. Poa L. In Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Egorova, T.V., and Tolmatchev, A.I. 1966. Flora URSS. 3. Moscow, Leningrad.

Egorova, T.V. 1998. Genus Papaver L. (Papaveraceae) in the flora of Eastern Europe. Nov. sist. Vysshykh rast. 31: 90–118 [In Russian]

Ehrenberg, L. 1945. Kromosomatelen hos några Kärlväxter. Bot Notiser. 1945: 430–437.

Elisens, W.J., and Packer J.G. 1980. A contribution to the taxonomy of the Oxytropis campestris complex in northwestern North America. Can. J. Bot. 58: 1820–1831.

Elkington, T.T. 1974. Chromosome numbers of British Plants. I. Watsonia, 10: 80.

Elvebakk, A. 1999. Bioclimatic delimitation and subdivision of the Arctic. In Nordal, I. and V. Yu Razzhivin. 1999. The species concept in the High North – A Panarctic Flora Initiative. Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. 1. Mat.-Naaturv. Klasse Skrifter Ny Serie 38: 81–112.

Elvebakk, A., Elven, R., and Razzhiviin, V. Yu. 1999. Delimitation, zonal and sectorial subdivision of the Arctic for the Panarctic Flora Project. In Nordal, I.,and V. Yu Razzhivin. 1999. The species concept in the High North – A Panarctic Flora Initiative. Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. 1. Mat.-Naaturv. Klasse Skrifter Ny Serie 38: 375–386

Engelskjon, T . 1967. Contribution to the cyto taxonomy of Erigeron humilis, Erigeron-uniflorus and their hybrid.Nytt Magasin for Botanikk (Oslo) 14: 77–85.

Engelskjøn, T. and Knaben, G. 1971. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine plant species. III. ‑ Acta Borealia A. Scientia 28: 1–30.

Engelskjøn, T. 1979. Chromosome numbers in vascular plants from Norway, including Svalbard. Opera Bot. 52: 1–38.

Engler, A., and Irmscher, E. 1919. Saxifraga. In Das Pflanzenreich, 67: 449–709.

Elven, R. 1989. Aster sibiricus in Norway. Blyttia 47: 51–53.

Elven, R., and Elvebakk, A. 1996. Part 1. Vascular plants. In Elvebakk, A. and Prestrud, P. (eds.). A catalogue of Svalbard plants, fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 198: 9–55.

Engelskjøn, T. and Schweitzer, H.-J. 1970. Studies on the flora of Bear Island. I. Vascular plants. Astarte 3.

Engelskjøn, T. and Kanben, G. 1971. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine plant species. 3. Acta Borealia A. Scientia 28: 1–30.

Eriksen, B. Molau, U., and Svensson, M. 1993. Reproductive strategies in two arctic Pedicularis species (Scrophulariaceae). Ecography 16:154–166.

Eriksen, B. 1996. Mating systems in two species of Potentilla from Alaska. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 31: 333–344.

Eriksen, B. 1997. Morphometric analysis of Alaskan members of the genus Potentilla sect. Niveae (Rosaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 17: 621–631.

Eriksen, B., and Nyléhn, J. 1999. Cases of phenotypic plasticity in leaves of Potentilla L. (Rosaceae). ‑ Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. I. Mat. Naturv. Kl., Ny Serie 38: 191–199.

Eriksen, B., and Yurtsev, B.A. 1999. Hair types in Potentilla sect. Niveae (Rosaceae) and related taxa ‑ terminology and systematic distribution. ‑ Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. I. Mat. Naturv. Kl., Ny Serie 38: 201–221.

Eriksen, B., Jansell, B., and Nilsson, O. 1999. Proposals to conserve or reject - (1394) Proposal to conserve the name Potentilla nivea (Rosaceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 48: 165–167.

Favarger, C. 1949b. Notes de caryologie alpine. Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 72 :15–22.

Favarger, C. 1965. Notes de caryologie alpine. IV. Bull. Soc. Neuchâteloise Sci. Nat. 88 :15–60.

Favarger, C. 1967. Nombres chromosomiques de quelques taxa principalement balkaniques du genre Minuartia (L.) Hiern. Bot. Jahrb. 86: 280–292.

Favarger, C. 1969. De caryologia Cerastiorum specierum aliquot imprimis in Peninsula Balcanica crescentium. Acta Bot. Croat. 28: 63–74.

Favarger, C. and Kupfer, P. 1968. Contribution a la cytotaxinomie de la flore alpine des Pyrenees. Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 7: 325–357.

Favarger, C. and Söllner, R. 1949. Nombres chromosomiques et structure du noyau de quelques Cerastium des Alpes. Bull. Soc. Bot. Suisse 59: 87–90.

Faulkner, J.S. 1972. Chromosome studies on Carex section Acutae in north-west Europe. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65: 271–301.

Feilberg, J. 1984. A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of South Greenland. Meddel. Grønland, Bioscience 15.

Ferland, C., and Rochefort, L. 1997. Restoration techniques for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1110–1118.

Fernald, M.L. 1902. The northeastern Carices of section Hyparrhenae. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 37: 447–495.

Fernald, M.L. 1918. American variations in Epilobium section Chamaenerion. Rhodora 20: 101–102.

Fernald, M.L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 15: 241–342.

Fernald, M.L. 1940. Some Spermatophytes of Eastern North America. Rhodora 42: 239–276.

Fernald, M.L. 1971. A new alpine willow from the White Mountains. Rhodora 19: 221–223.

Fernald, M.L. and Kinsey, A.C. 1943. Edible wild plants of eastern North America. Cornwald-on-Hudson, N.Y. 452. pp.

Fernald, M.L., and Weatherby, C.A. 1916. The genus Puccinellia in eastern North America. Rhodora 18: 1–23.

Fjellheim, S. 1999. RAPD DNA and morphological variation in seminiferous taxa of the Festuca brachyphylla complex. Cand. Scient. Thesis. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Trondheimsveien 23B, N-0562 Oslo. The University Courses on Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9170 Longyearbyen.

Fishback, L.A. 2002. Establishing the Provenance of Catchment- Derived Pond Sediment: Truelove Lowland, Devon Island. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario. 342 pp.

Flovik, K. 1940. Chromosome numbers and polyploidy within the flora of Spitzbergen. Hereditas 26: 1430–1440.

Fleet, J.C. 1994. New support for a folk remedy: cranberry juice reduced bacteriuria and pruria in elderly women. Nut. Rev. 52: 168–178.

Folkestad, K. Høilaand, K., Paulsen, B.C. and Malterud, K.E. 1988. Alkaloid chemotaxonomy of Nordic Papaveer sect. Scapiflora (Papaveraceae). Nordic J. Bot. 8: 139–146.

Fontenla S., Puntieri J, and Ocampo J. A. 2001. Mycorrhizal associations in the Patagonian steppe, Argentina. Plant and Soil 233(1):13–29.

Ford, B.A., and Ball, P. W. 1992. The taxonomy of the circumpolar short-beaked taxa of Carex sect. Vesicariae (Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. 17: 620–639.

Ford, B.A., Ball, P.W., and Ritland, K. 1991. Allozyme diversity and genetic relationships among North American members of the short-beaked taxa of Carex sect. Vesicariae (Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. 16: 116–131.

Forsaith C.C. 1916. Pollen sterility in relation to the geographical distribution of some Onagraceae. Bot. Gaz. 62: 466–487

France, R.L., Svoboda, J., and Taylor, H.W. 1993. Latitudinal distribution of cesium-137 fallout in 1990 on Saxifraga oppositifolia from Ellesmere Island, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 71: 708–711.

Frankton, C., and Mulligan, G. A. 1987. Weeds of Canada. NC Press Limited in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Toronto: 217 p.

Frederiksen, S. 1977. The Festuca brachyphylla group in Greenland. Bot. Not. 130: 269–277.

Frederiksen, S. 1978. Festuca brevissima Jurtz. in Alaska. Bot. Not. 131: 409–410.

Frederiksen, S. 1979. Festuca minutiflora Rydb., a neglected species. Bot. Not. 131: 409–410.

Frederiksen, S. 1981. Festuca vivipara (Poaceae) in the North Atlantic area. Nord. J. Bot. 1: 277–292.

Frederiksen, S. 1982. Festuca brachyphylla, F. saximontana and related species in North America. Nord. J. Bot. 2: 525–536.

Frederiksen, S. 1983. Festuca auriculata in North America. Nord. J. Bot. 3: 632–639.

Fredskild, B. 1996. A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of West Greenland (62° 20’ –74°00’) Meddel. Grønland, Bioscience 45.

Fredskild, B. Distribution and occurrence of Onagraceae in Greenland. Nord. J. Bot. 4: 475–480.

Freedman, B., Zobens, V., Hutchinson, T.C., and Gizyn, W.I. 1990. Intense natural pollution affects arctic tundra vegetation at the smoking hills Northwest Territories Canada. Ecology 71: 492–503.

Feeman, B., Svoboda, J., and Henry, G.H.R. 1994. In Svoboa J., and Freedman, B. Ecology of a polar oasis: Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Isalnd, Canada. Captus University Publications, Toronto.

Freytag, S.,Weber, H.C. 1987. Parasitism and haustorial structures in Scandinavian Pedicularis-spp Scrophulariaceae. Beitr Biol Pflanz 61(3): 455–466.

Furlow, J..J. 1997. Betulaceae Gray. Birch family. In, Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. New York Oxford. Oxford University Press.

Gabrielsen, Y.M., and Brockman,C. 1998. Sex after all:high leaves of diversity detected in the arctic clonal plant Saxifraga cernua using RAPD markers. Molecular Ecology 6:1701–1708.

Gabrielsen, Y.M., Bachmann, K., Jakobsen, K.S., and Brochmann, C. 1997. Glacial survival does not matter: RAPD phytogeography of Nordic Saxifraga oppositifolia. Mol. Ecol. 6: 831–842.

Gadallah, F.L., and Jefferies, R.L. 1995. Comparison of the nutrient contents of the principal forage plants utilized by lesser snow geese on summer breeding grounds. J. Appl. Ecol. 32: 263–275.

Gadella, T.W.J., E. Kliphuis, and K.U. Kramer. 1970. Zytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Blütenpflanzen aus dem Osten Osterreichs. Wiss. Arbeiten Burgenland, 44: 187–195.

Gajewski, W. 1957. A cytogenetic study on the genus Geum. Monoraphie Botanicae, 4: 1–416.

Gajewski K., Hamilton P.B. & McNeely, R. 1997. A high resolution proxy-climate record from an Arctic lake with annually-laminated sediments on Devon Island. Journal of Paleolimnology, 17: 215–225.

Gallen, C and Plowright, R.C. 1985. The effects of nectar level and flower development on pollen carry-over in inflorescences of fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) (Onagraceae). Can. J. Bot. 63: 488–491.

Galloe, O. 1910. Saxifragaceae. 2. The biological leaf-anatomy of the species of Saxifraga. Meddel. Grønland 26: 238–294.

Gandoger, M. 1891. Equisetum arvense. In Flora Europa 27: 48–51.

Garneau, M. and Alt, B T. 2000. Environmental response to climate change in the Canadian High Arctic. Geological Survey of Canada Bull. 529. 1-15.

Gastony, G.J., and Gottlieb, L.D. 1982. Evidence for genetic heterozygosity in homosporous ferns. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 634–637.

Geale, D.W. 1980. Definitions and ecology of plant communities. Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, N.W.T. Ph.D. dissertation in botany, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

Gebauer, R.E., Reynolds, J.F., and Tenhunen, J. D. 1995. Growth and allocation of the Arctic sedges Eriophorum angustifolium and E. vaginatum: Effects of variable soil oxygen and nutrient availability. Oecologia 104: 330–339.

Gelting, P. 1934. Studies on the vascular plants of East Greenland between Franz Joseph Fiord and Dove Bay. Medd. Grønland 60: 1–340.

Gescj. D.V., Verdin, K. L. and Greenlee, S.K. 1999. New land surface digital elevation model covers the earth: EOS transactions, American Geophysical Union, 80: 69–70.

Gilbert (nee Stoker), K. G. and Cooke, D. T. 2001. Dyes from plants: Past usage, present understanding and potential.Plant Growth Regulation 34: 57-69.

Gill, J.J.B. 1971. Cytogenetic studies in Cochlearia L. Ann. Bot. (London) 35: 947–956.

Gill, J.J.B. 1976. Cytogenetic studies in Cochlearia L. (Cruciferae). The chromosomal constitution of C. danica L. Genetica 46: 115–127.

Gillespie, L.J., and Boles R.L. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships and infraspecific variation in Canadian Arctic Poa based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Can. J. Bot. 79: 679–701.

Gillespie, L.J., Consaul, L.L., and Aiken, S.G. 1997. Hybridization and the origin of the arctic grass Poa hartzii (Poaceae): evidence from morphology and chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1978–1997.

Gillett, J.M. 1957. A revision of the North American species of Gentianella Moench. Annals of the Missouri Bot. Garden 44: 195–269.

Gillett, J.M. 1963. The Gentians of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch Pub. 1180.

Gillett, J.M., Consaul, L.L., Aiken S.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1999 onwards. Fabaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a DELTA database for interactive identification and illustrated information retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Gleason, H.A. and Cronquist, A. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. NY.

Glooschenko, W.A. and Martini, I.P. 1987. Vegetation of river-influenced coastal marshes of the southwestern end of James Bay, Ontario, Canada. Wetlands, 7 : 71–84.

Goetghebeur, P. 1998. The families and Genera of Vascular Plants, IV : 141–190. In Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (Except Gramineae). Edited by K. Kubitzki and H. Huber. Springer Verlag; Berlin.

Gold, W.G. 1998. The influence of cryptogamic crusts on the thermal environment and temperature relations of plant in a high arctic polar desert, Devon Island, N.W.T. Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 30: 108–120.

Gold, W.G., and Bliss, L.C. 1995. Water limitation and plant community development in a polar desert. Ecology 76: 1558–1568.

Goloskokov, V.P. (Ed.) 1962. Astragalus, in Illyustrirovanny opredelitel’ rasteniy semeystva bobovych Kazakhstana {Illustrated revision of the legume of Kazakhstan} 79–236., Tab. XI–XLII.

Gopfert., D. 1974. Karyotypes and DNA content in species of Ranunculusi L. and related genera. Bot. Notiser, 127: 464–489.

Gould, J. 1985. Plant communities of the Lake Hazen area, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. University of Toronto. MSc thesis, 325 pp.

Gould, J. 1997. Early Coral-root, Corallorhiza trifida Chatelain: A new addition to the vascular flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Can. Field-Nat. 111: 471–472.

Gould, W.A., Edlund, S. and Zollta, S. 2002. Canadian vegetation Mapping. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 2002, 23.: 4597–4609.

Gould, W.A. and Walker, M.D. 1999. Plant communities and landscape diversity along a Canadian Arctic river. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10: 537–548.

Graf, W.L. 1987. Geomorphic systemt of North America. Centennial Special Volume, 2. Boulder: The Geological Society of America Inc.

Grant, V.D. 1981. Plant speciation. 2d. ed. Columbia University Presss. New York.

Gray, A. 1884. A revision of the North American species of Oxytropis DC. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 20: 1–7.

Greene, C.W. 1980. The systematics of Calamagrostis (Gramineae) in eastern North America. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Greene, C.W. 1984. Sexual and apomictic reproduction in Calamagrostis (Gramineae) from eastern North America. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 285–293.

Greene, E.L. 1905. Diagnoses aragallorum. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 11–17.

Greuter, W. 1995. Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Greece: a subgeneric and sectional classification. Taxon 44: 543–581.

Greuter, W., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Chaloner, W.G., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Jorgensen, P.M., Nicolson, D.H., Silva, P.C., Trehane, P., and McNeill, J. 1994. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Regnum Vegetabile Vol. 131. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (Europe).

Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M., and Long. G. 1984. Med-Checklist, 1. Genève & Berlin.

Greuter, W. 1995. Silene (Caryophyllaceae) in Greece: a subgeneric and sectional classification. Taxon 44: 543–581.

Grulke, N.E., and Bliss, L.C. 1984. Environmental control of the prostrate growth form in two high arctic grasses. Holarct. Ecol. 8: 204–210.

Grulke, N.E., and Bliss, L.C. 1988. Comparative life history characteristics of two high Arctic grasses, Northwest territories. Ecology 69: 484–496.

Guldahl, A.S. 1999. The Festuca brachyphylla complex in Svalbard: enzymatic, chromosomal, and ecological variation. Cand. Scient. Thesis. Botanical Garden and Museum, University of Oslo, Trondheimsveien 23B, N-0562 Oslo. The University Courses on Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9170 Longyearbyen.

Gustafsson, Å. 1947. Apomixes in higher plants. III. Biotype and species formation. Acta Univ. Lund, N.F. II. 43, 12: 181–360.

Grundt, H.H., Borgen, L., and Elven, R. 1999. Aspects of reproduction in Cerastium alpinum on calcic and ultramafic soils in Central Norway. Nord. J. Bot. 19: 447–453.

Grundt, H.H., Borgen, L., and Elven, R. 2000. Infraspecific variation in Cerastium alpinum s. lat. (Caryophyllaceae) in Central Norway. Nordic J. Bot. 20: 641–645.

Haber, E. and J.E. Cruise. 1974. Generic limits in the Pyroloideae (Ericaceae). Can. J. Bot. 52: 877–883.

Haber, E. 1984. A comparative study of Pyrola minor x Pyrola asarifolia (Ericaceae) and its parental species in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 62:1054–1061.

Haber, E. 1992. Pyrolaceae. In, Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 26: 22-28.

Hagerup, 0. 1927. Empetrum hermaphroditum (Lge.) Hagerup. A new tetraploid, bisexual species. Dansk. Bot. Arkiv 5, 2: 1–17.

Hagerup, O. 1928. Morphological and sytological studies of Bicornes. Dansk Bot. Arkiv 6, 1:1–26.

Hagerup, O. 1933. Studies on polyploidy ecotypes in Vaccinium uliginosum L. Hereditas, 18: 122–128.

Hagerup, O. 1939. Studies on the significance of polyploidy. III. Deschampsia and Aira. Hereditas 25: 185–193.

Hagerup, O. 1941b. Zytoökologische Bicorner-Studeien. Planta, 32: 51–14.

Haglund, G. 1943. Taraxacum in Arctic Canada (East of 100° W). Rhodora 45: 337–359.

Häkansson, A 1928. Die chromosomen einiger Scirpoideen. . Hereditas, 10: 227–292.

Hamelin, L-E. 1978. Canadian Nordicity: It’s your north, too. Translated by W. Barr. Harvest House. Montreal.

Halliday G., and Chater, A.O. 1969a. Studies in the Carex glareosa complex I. Fruit-shape. Feddes Repertorium 80: 77–91.

Halliday G., and Chater, A.O. 1969b. Studies in the Carex glareosa complex 2. The status of Carex pribylovensis Macoun. Feddes Repertorium 80: 93–101.

Halliday G., and Chater, A.O. 1969c. Carex marina Dewey, an earlier name for C. amblyrhyncha Krecz. Feddes Repert. 80: 103–106.

Halliday, G., and Hughes, W.E. 1980. Phippsia R. Br. and ×Pucciphippsia Tzvelev. In Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hämet-Anti, L. and Virrankoski, V. 1970. Chromosome numbers of some vascular plants of north Finaland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 7: 177 Hämet-Anti, L. and Virrankoski, V. 1970.181.

Hämet-Anti, L. and Virrankoski, V. 19701. Cytotaxonomic notes on some monocotyledons of Alaska and northern British Columbia. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 8: 156–159.

Hamilton, P.B., Douglas, M.S.V., Fritz, S.C., Pienitz, R., Smol, J.P. and Wolfe, A.P. 1994. A compiled freshwater diatom taxa list for the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America. In Hamilton, P.B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Arctic-Antarctic Diatom Symposium (workshop), Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, September 18–21, 1993. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1957: 57–63.

Hamre, E. 2000. Variation in the genus Potentilla in Svalbard. ‑ Analyses of isozymes, micro‑ and macromorphology. ‑ Cand. Scient. Thesis, Univ. Oslo. (unpubl.)

Hansen, K.T., Elven, R., and Brochmann, C. 2000. Molecules and morphology in concert: Tests of some hypotheses in arctic Potentilla (Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1466–1479.

Hantzsch, B. 1977. My life among the Eskimos : the Baffinland journeys in the years 19091911 by Bernhard Hantzsch; translated from the German original and edited by Leslie H. Neatby : University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

Hara, H. 1949. A note on Chrysosplenium iowense. Rhodora 51: 191–192.

Hara, H. 1956. Contributuions to the study of variations in the Japanese plants closely related to those of Europe or North America. Part. 2. J. Fac. Sci. Uni. Tokyo 3, Bot. 6: 343–391.

Harris, J.G. 1985. A revision of the genus Braya (Cruciferae) in North America. Ph.D. thesis in Botany, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Edmonton.

Harris, J.G., and Harris, M. 1994. Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Harris, R.E. Northern gardening. Publication 1575. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada.

Hart, H. 1994. The unilacunar two-trace nodal structure of the caudex of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae). Bot. J. Linnaean Soc. 116 235–241.

Hattersley,-Smith. G. 1959. Operation Hazen: Narrative and preliminary reports. 1957–58. Defence Research Board, Separtment of National Defence Canada.

Haufler, C.H., Morrin, R.C., and Windham, M.D. 1993. Cystopteris. In Flora of North America. 2: 263–270 Oxford University Press Inc. New York.

Haugen, J. 2000. Possible hybrid origins of Poa hartzii and Poa arctica ssp. caespitans (Poaceae) in Svalbard investigated by morphology and isoenzymes. Cand. Scient. thesis. Division of Botany, Department of Biology; Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden; The University Courses on Svalbard.University of Oslo.

Hauke, R.L. 1963. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 8: 1–123.

Hauke, R.L. 1966. A systematic treatment of Equisetum arvense. Nova Hedwigia, 30: 385–455.

Hauke, R.L. 1978. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus Equisetum. Nova Hedwigia 30: 385–455.

Hauke, R.L. 1993. Equisetaceae Michaux ex DeCandolle. Horestail family. In Flora of North America. 2: 76–84. Oxford University Press Inc. New York.

Haussknecht, C. 1884. Monographie der Gattung Epilobium Jena. Viii. + 318 pp.

Haynes, R.R., and C.B. Hellquist. 2000. Potamogetonaceae Dumorties. Pondweed Family. In Flora of North America. 22: 47–74. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Heagy, M I. and Cooke, F. 1979. Vegetation characteristics of snow goose nest sites. Can. J. Bot 57: 1502–1504.

Hedberg, I. and Hedberg, O. 1961. Documented chromosome numbers in Swedish plants. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 58: 125–128.

Hedberg, K.O. 1992. Taxonomic differentiation in Saxifraga hirculus Saxifragaceae, a circumpolar arctic-boreal species of central asiatic origin. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109: 337–393.

Hedberg, O. 1962. The genesis of Puccinellia vacillans. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 58: 157–163.

Hedberg, O. 1967. Chromosome numbers of vascular plants from arctic and sub-arctic North America. Ark. Bot. Ser. 2, 6: 309–326.

Hedberg, O. 1997. The genus Koenigia L. emend. Hedberg (Polygonaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 124: 295–330.

Heginbottom, J.A. (co-ordinator) 1989. A survey of geomorphic processes in Canada, in Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Edited by R.J. Fulton, Ottawa. Minister of Supply and Services.

Heide, O.M. 1992. Experimental control of flowering in Carex bigelowii. Oikos 65: 371–376.

Heide, O.M., Pedersen, K., and Dahl, E. 1990. Environmental control of flowering and morphology in the high-arctic Cerastium regelii, and the taxonomic status of C. jenisejense. Nordic J. Bot. 10: 141–147.

Heilborn, O. 1927. Chromosome numbers in Draba. Hereditas 9: 59–68.

Heilborn, O. 1939. Chromosome numbers in the Cyperaceae. III–IV. Hereditas, 25: –224–241.

Heilborn, O. 1941. Chromosome numbers in Draba. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 35 141–142.

Heimburger, M. 1959. Cytotaxonic studies in the genus Anemone. Can. J. BOt. 37: 587–612.

Heller, C.A. 1966. Wild, edible and poisonous plants of Alaska. Division of Statewide Services, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska.

Hermann, F.J., and W.A. Weber 1977. Juncus triglumis in North America. Rhodora 79: 160–162.

Henry, G.H.R. & Svoboda, J. 1986. Dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in high arctic sedge meadow communities. Arctic and Alpine Research 18: 181–187.

Hermanutz, L.A., Innes, D.J. and Weiss, I.M. 1989. Clonal structure of Arctic dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa at its northern limit. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 755–761

Hetherington, A.M., Hunter, M.I.S., and Crawford, R.M.M. 1984. Evidency contrary to the existence of storage lipid in leaves of plants inhabiting cold climates. Plant Cell and Environment 7: 223-228.

Hicks, G.C. 1929. Cytological studies in Cyperus, Eleocharis, Dulichium, and Eriorophorum. Bot. Gazette, 88: 132–149.

Hideaki, O. 1998. Nonaconsan-14, 16-dione in diketo and enol forms in Mertensia maritima subsp. asiatica. Natural medicines 52: 533–35.

Hitchcock, A.S., 1905. North American species of Agrostis. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bull. 68.

Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M., and Thompson, J.W. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest, Part 1. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Hobbie, J.E. 1973. Arctic limnology: a review. Pp. 127–168. In M.E. Britton (Ed.) Alaskan arctic tundra. Arct. Inst. N. Am. Techn. Paper 25: 224.pp.

Hoeppner, H. 1983. On the occurrence and phytosociological locality association of Senecio congestus in southern Oldenburg and neighboring areas west Germany. Drosera, 83: 79–86.

Holm, T. 1922. Report of the Canadian Arctic expedition, 1913–18. Vol. 5: Botany, Part B: Contributions to the morphology, synonymy, and geographical distribution of arctic plants. Rept. Can. Arct. Exp. 1913–1918, 5 (B). Ottawa: A. F. Acland. Pp. 3–139.

Holmen, K. 1952. Cytological studies in the flora of Peary Land, North Greenland. Medd. Gronl. 128: 1–40.

Holmen, K. 1957. The vascular plants of Peary Land, North Greenland. Medd. Gronl. 124: 1–149.

Holmen, K., and Laegaard, S. 1960. Plantae Vasculares Groenlandicae Exsiccatae. A Museo Botanico Hauniensi Distributae I. Copenhagen.

Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H., and Barnett, L.C. 1990. Index Herbariorum. Part. I: The herbaria of the world. Eighth edition. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

Holmen, K and Mattiesen, H. 1953. Luzula wahlenbergia in Geenland. Bot Tidsskr. 49: 233–238.

Holub, J. 1968. Remarks on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Carex bigelowii complex. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. Praha, 3:183–192.

Holub, J. 1972. Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Remarks on Chamaenerion auct. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 7: 81–90.
Holub, J. 1975. Diaphasiastrum a new genus in Lycopodiaceae. Preslia 47: 97–100.

Holub, J. 1985. Taxonomic changes within Lycopodiacales. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20: 67–80.

Holub, J. 1997. Stuckenia Börner 1912 – the correct name for Coleogeton (Potamogetonaceae). Preslia 69: 361–366.

Horn, K. 1938. Chromosome numbers in Scandinavian Papaver species. Avh. Norske Vidensk. Akad. Oslo., I. Mat. Naturrv. Kl. 1938, 5.

Hughes, W.E., and Halliday, G. 1980. Arctophila Rupr. ex N.J. Andersson, Puccinellia Parl. In Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hultén, E. 1937. Flora of the Aleutian Islands. Bokförlags Aktiebolaget Thule, Stockholm.

Hultén, E. 1942. Flora of Alaska and Yukon. II. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. N.F., Avd. 2, Bde. 38.

Hultén, E. 1943. Stellaria longipes Goldie and its allies. Bot. Not. 1943: 251–270.

Hultén, E. 1944. Flora of Alaska and Yukon 7. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. Avd. 2, Bde. 43: 1083.

Hultén, E. 1955. Cerastium glabratum Hartm., species restituenda. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. Vanamo Suppl. 9: 62–69.

Hultén, E. 1956. The Cerastium alpinum complex. A case of world-wide introgressive hybridization. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 50: 411–495.

Hultén, E. 1959. The Trisetum spicatum complex. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Recht., an arctic-montane species with worldwide range. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 53: 203–228.

Hultén, E. 1959a. Studies in the genus Dryas. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 53: 507–542.

Hultén, E. 1950. The Flora of Alaska and the Yukon. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. N.F. Avd. 2 Bd.45. Nr.J.

Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Hultén, E. 1971. The circumpolar plants. II. Dicotyledons. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 13(1): 1–463.

Husband, B.C. and Schemske, D.W. 1997. Effects of inbreeding depression in diploid and tetraploid populations of Epilobium angustifolium: implications for genetic basis of inbreeding depression. Evolution 51: 737-746.

Hustich, I. 1960. Plant geographical regions. Pp. 54–66 In A, Sømme (Ed.). The geography of Norden. Heinemann, London/Cappelens, Oslo. 363. Pp.

Hutchinson, T.C. and Adams, C.M. 1987. Comparative abilities of leaf surfaces to neutralize acidic raindrops i. the influence of calcium nutrition and charcoal-filtered air . New Phytologist 106: 169–184.

Hyvarinen, H. 1985. Holocene pollen stratigraphy of Baird Inlet east-central Ellemere Island, Arctic Canada. Boreas 14: 19–32.

Isely, D. 1984. Astragalus Leguminosae Papillionoideae 2. Species summary A–E. Iowa State Journal of Research 59: 99–210.

Ivanova, N.A. 1939. The genus Kobresia Willd., its morphology and systematics. [In Russian with English summary.] Botaniskii Zhurnal SSSR 24: 455–503.

Jackson, B., and Hicks, L.E. 1997. Effects of cranberry juice on urinary pH in older adults. Home Healthc. Nurse 15: 198–202.

Jacobs, J.D., Mode, W.N. and Dowdeswell, E.K. 1985. Contemporary pollen deposition and the distribution of Betula glandulaosa at the limit of low arctic tundra in southern Baffin Island. Arctic and Alpine Research 17: 279–287.

Jalas, J., Wyse Jackson, M.B., Sell, P.D., and Whitehead, F.H. 1993. Cerastium L. In Flora Europaea 1. 2nd ed. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (pp. 164–174).

Jalas, J. and Suominen, J. (eds.). 1994. Atlas florae europaeae. Distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 10. Cruciferae (Sisymbrium to Aubrietia). Helsinki, 224 pp.

JAnaki-Ammal, E. K. 1951. Chromosome numbers in horticulture. J. Roy. Hort Soc. 76: 236–239.

Jarolimova, V., and Kirschner, J. 1995. Tetraploids in Luzula multiflora (Juncaceae) in Ireland: karyology and meiotic behaviour. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 30: 389–396.

Jefferies, R.L., and Gottlieb, L.D. 1983. Genetic variation within and between populations of the asexual plant Puccinellia × phryganodes. Can. J. Bot. 61: 774–779.

Jenness, S.E. editor. 1991. Arctic Odyssey: the diary of Diamond Jeness, Ethonologist with the Canadian Arctic Expedition in Northern Alaska and Canada. 1913–1916. Canadian Museum of Civilization. (Hull) Gatineau.

Jermy, A.C. 1980. Eriophorum In Flora Europaea Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Johnson, A.W., and J.G. Packer. 1968. Chromosome numbers in the flora of Ogotoruk Creek, N.W. Alaska. Bot. Not. 121: 403–456.

Johnson, K.L. 1987. Wildflowers of Churchill and the Hudson Bay Region. Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Johnsson, H. 1941. Cytological studies in the genus Alopecurus Acta Univ. Lund. N.F. II, 37, 3: 1–44.

Jonasson, S. and Callaghan, T.V. 1992. Root mechanical properties related to disturbed and stressed habitats in the Arctic. New Phytologist 122: 179–186.

Jones, K. 1957. Some aspects of plant variation: the grasses. In J.E. (ed.): Progress in the study of the British Flora p. 45–55.

Jones, K. 1959. Cytology. Welsh Plant Breeding Station: Report 1956 – 1958. 68–71.

Jonsell, B. 1996. Lectotypifications and new combinations for Flora Nordica Vol. 1 (Lycopodiaceae-Papaveraceae). Nord. J. Bot. 16: 3–8.

Jonsell, B. (ed.). 2001. Flora Nordica, 1. Lycopodiaceae to Polygonaceae. The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Stockholm

Jonsell, B. (ed.). 2001. Flora Nordica, 2. Chenopodiaceae – Fumariaceae. The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Stockholm.

Jonsson, B.O., Jonsdottir, I. S., and Cronberg, N. 1996. Clonal diversity and allozyme variation in populations of the arctic sedge Carex bigelowii (Cyperaceae). J. Ecol. 84: 449–459.

Jorgensen, C.A., Sorensen, T.J., and Westergaard, M. 1958. The flowering plants of Greenland. A taxonomical and cytological survey. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr. 9: 1–172.

Jotcham,J.R. and Vander Kloet, S.P. 1977. Range extensions to the Flora of the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Can. Field-Nat. 92: 95–96.

Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellog, E.A., Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics: A phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Ass. Inc., Publsihers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. [23 Plumtree Road, Sunderland MA 01375-0407. FAX 413-549-1118. Internet: publish@sinauer.com}

Juel, H.O. 1900. Vergleichende Untersuchungen uber typische and parthenogenetische. Fortpflanzung bei der Gattung Antennaria Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 33(5): 1–59.

Juel, H.O. 1911. Studien über die entwicklungsgeschichte von Hippuris vulgaris. Nova Acta Roy. Soc. Sci. Uppsal., Ser. IV, 2, 11: 1 –26.

Juzepczuk, S.V. 1919. Novy vid Dryady (Species Nova Dryadis) Journ. Russ. Bot. Obshch 4: 18–25.

Juzepczuk, S.V. 1929. Beitrag zur Systematik der Gattung Dryas L. Bull. Jard. Bot. Princip. de l’URSS 28: 306–327 [In Russian].

Juzepczuk, S.V. 1941. Genus Dryas Fl. Ussr. 10: 264–279.

Kadereit, J.W. 1993. Papaver L. In: Tutin, T.G. et al. (Eds.) Flora Europaea 1,2. Ed Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Pp 297–301.

Kalff, J. & Welsh, H.E. 1974. Phytoplankton productivity in Char Lake, a natural polar lake, and in Meretta Lake, a polluted polar lake, Cornwallis Island, Northwest Territories. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31: 621–636.

Kallio, H., Nikkola, P. and Reunanen, M. 1984. Sugar composition in the juice of crowberry, Empetrum hermaphroditum. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Series A Li Biologica Geographica Geologica 68: 74–76.

Karlin, E.F. and Bliss, L.C. 1983. Germination ecology of Ledum groenlandicum and Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens. Arctic and Alpine Research 15: 397–404.

Kato, N. 1964. The changes in the number of vascular bundles of each internode of Equisetum arvense. J. Jap. Bot. 39: 277–283.

Karlsson, P.S. 1986. Seasonal pattern of biomass allocation in flowering and nonflowering specimens of three Pinguicula species. Can. J. Bot. 64: 2872–2877.

Kartashova, N.N. and Malakova, L.A. 1972. Sravniteljno-kariologicheskoe issledovanie vidov roda Pustatilla iz raznykh popuylayatsiy. Tsitologiya I Genetika, 6: 442–445.

Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Second edition. Vol. 1. Checklist. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 1st edition. In Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. J.T. Kartez and C.A. Meacham. North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC.

Kawano, S. 1963. Cytogeography and evolution of the Deschampsia caespitosa complex. Can. J. Bot. 41: 719–742.

Kawano, S. 1965. Calamagrostis purpurascens and its identity. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 73–89.

Kawano, S. 1966. Biosystematic Studies of the Deschampsia caespitosa complex with special reference to the karyology of Icelandic populations. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 79: 293–307.

Kershaw, J.P. and Kershaw L.J. 1986. Ecological characteristics of 35-year-old crude-oil spills in tundra plant communities of the Mackenzie mountains Northwest Territories Canada. Can. J. Bot. 2935–2947.

Kevan, P.G. 1972. Heliotropism in some arctic flowers. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 86: 41-44.

Kevan, P.G, Forbes, B.C., Kevan, S. M., and Behan-Pelletier, V. 1995. Vehicle tracks on high Arctic tundra: their effects on the soil, vegetation, and soil arthropods. J. Appl. Ecol. 32: 655–667.

Kiger, R.W., and Murray, D.F. 1997. Papaveraceae. In Flora North America. Vol. 3. New York, Oxford University Press.

Kjellman, F.R. 1882. Om tschuktschernas hushållsväxter. In A.E. Nordensjuöld, Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliaga Iakttagelser, 1: 335–372. [Translations from the Swedish text obtained from Porsild 1950].

Kirschner, J., and B. Krisa, 1980. Notes on the taxonomy and cytology of the genus Luzula in the west Caucasus, Czechoslovakia. Preslia, 51: 333–339.

Kirschner J. 1990. Luzula-multiflora and allied species Juncaceae a nomenclatural study. Taxon 39(1): 106–114.

Kirschner, J. and Rich, T. C. G. 1996. Luzula multiflora subsp. hibernica, a new tetraploid taxon of Luzula sect. Luzula (Juncaceae) from Ireland. Watsonia 21: 89–97.

Kirschner, J. 1997. Tetraploid populations of Luzula multiflora subsp. multiflora (Juncaceae) in Europe. Preslia (Prague) 7: 219–223.

Klein, D.R., and Bay, C. 1991. Diet selection by vertebrate herbivores in the high arctic of Greenland. Holarctic Ecol. 14: 152–155.

Knaben, G. 1950. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine species. 1. Blyttia 8: 129–155.

Knaben, G. 1959. On the evolution of the Radicatum-group of the Scapiflora Papavers as studied in 70 and 56 chromosome species. Part A. Cytotaxonomical aspects. Part B. Experimental studies. Opera Bot. 2(3), 3(3).

Knaben, G. 1966. Cytotaxonomical studies in some Draba species. Bot. Not. 119: 427-444.

Knaben, G. 1968. Chromosome numbers of flowering plants from central Alaska. Nytt Mag. Bot. 15: 240–254.

Knaben, G. 1985. Neo-polyploids in the North Atlantic region. Botanica Helvetica 95: 177–191.

Knaben, G., and Hylander, N. 1970. On the typification of Papaver radicatum Rottb. And its nomenclatural consequences. Bot. Not. 123: 338–345.

Knaben, G., and T. Engelskjøn 1967. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine plant species. II. Acta Borealia, ser. A 21: 1–57.

Koch, M. and I.A. Al-Shehbaz. 2002. Molecular data indicate complex intra- and intercontinental differentiation of American Draba (Brassicaceae). Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard.

Kohn, L.M., and Stasoviski, E. 1990. The mycorrhizal status of plants at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Mycologia 82: 23–35.

Kohn, L.M., and Stasoviski, E. 1994. In Svoboa J., and Freedman, B. Ecology of a polar oasis: Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Isalnd, Canada. Captus University Publications, Toronto.

Kokkalou, E. Kokkini, S., and Hanlidou, E. 1992. Volatile consistuents of Achillea millefolium in relation to their infraspecific vatiation. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20: 665–670.

Korobkov, A.A. 1972. K tsitotaksonomicheskoy kharakteristike nekotorykh vidov roda Artemisia L. severo-vostoka SSSR. Rot. Zhurn. 57: 1316–1317.

Kovanda, M. 1978. Chromosome numbers of miscellaneous United States dicotyledons. Rhodora 80: 431–440.

Koyama, T. 1962. Classification of the family Cyperaceae (2) J. Fac. Sci. University of Tokyo, Section 4, Botany, 8: 149–278.

Krasnikov, A.A. 1990. In: Takhtajan, A. (ed.), Numeri Chromosomatum Magnoliophytorum Florae URSS, Aceraceae ‑ Menyanthaceae. Nauka, Leninopoli.

Krogulevich, R.E. 1971 Rol poliploidii c fwnwzise vysokogornoy flory Stanogovo Nagorya. Ekologiya flory Zabaykalya, Akad. Nauk. SSSR. IRkutsk, 1971: 115–214

Krogulevich, R.E. 1976. Chromosomne numbers of plant species from the Tunkinsky Alpes (East Sayan). ‑ News Sib. Dept. Acad. Sci. USSR, ser. Viol. 15(3): 46–52. (In Russian.)

Krogulevich, R.E. and Rostovtseva, T.S. 1984. Khromosomnye chisla Tsvetkovykh rastenii Sibir i Dal'nego Vostoka. Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka', Sibirskoe Otdelnie. Novosibirsk.

Kron and Judd 1990. Rhododendron L. subsect. Ledum (L.) Kron & Judd. Syst. Bot. 15: 67.

Kubitzki, K. (editor) 1998. The Families and Genera of Vascular plants. III. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). - Springer, Berlin etc.

Kuc, M. 1970. Vascular Plants from some localities in the western and northern parts of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Can. J. Bot. 48: 1931–1938.

Kuc, M. 1972. The response of tundra plants to anthropogenic habitats in the High Arctic. Geol. Survey. Can. B. 72: 105–112.

Kuc, M. 1974. Noteworthy vascular plants collected in Southwestern Banks Island, NWT. Arctic, 27: 146–150.

Kuc, M. Influence of the Crusoe Glacier on the adjoing vegetation (W-Central Axel Heiberg Island) Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ibidem: 275-290 + map.

Kuc, M. 1996. Plant formation and their bio-products from Western Banks Island (N.W.T., Canada). Polarforschung 64: 115–22.

Kudo, G. 1995. Leaf traits and shoot performance of an evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens in accordance with latitudinal change. Can. J. Bot. 73: 1451–1456.

Kudo, G., Nordenhall U., and Molau, U. 1999. Effects of snowmelt timing on leaf traits, leaf production, and shoot growth of alpine plants: Comparisons along a snowmelt gradient in northern Sweden. Ecoscience 6: 439–450.

Kükenthal, G. 1909. Vyperaceae – Caricoideae. In A. Engler [ed.] Das Pflanzenreich, IV. 20, Heft 38. Wilhelm Englemann, Leipzig.

Kuvaev, B.V., Vasilets, V.N., Krasnov, E.A., and Berezovskaya, T.P. 1996. The diagnostics and chemosystematics of intrageneric taxon of Empetrum (Empetraceae). Bot. Zhurn. (St. Petersburg) 81:104–115.

Kwak, M.M. and Bergman, P. 1996. Early flowers of Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the visitation by bumblebees. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 45: 355–366.

Laane, M.M. 1965. Kromosomundersøkelser hos noen norske planter. Blyttia, 23: 169-189.

Laane, M.M. 1968. Cyto-ecological studies in Norwegian Campanula species.. Bot. Tidsskr. 63: 319– 341.

Lamarck J.B.A.P.M. de. 1785. Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique 1. Panckoucke, Paris. Ugborogho, R. E. 1972. In: Löve, Á. (ed.), IOPB chromosome reports XXXV. Taxon 21: 161–166.

Lambers, H and Smakman, G.. 1978. Respiration of the roots of flood tolerant and flood intolerant Senecio species affinity for oxygen and resistance to cyanide.Physiol. Plant. 42: 163–166.

Lambers, H. and Steingrover, E. 1978. Growth respiration of a flood tolerant and a flood intolerant Senecio species: correlation between calculated and experimental values. Physiol. Plant. 43: 219–224.

Langlet, O. 1927a. Beiträge zue zytologie der Ranunculaceen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 21: 1–17.

Langlet, O. 1932. Ǘber chromosomenverhältnissse und systematic der Ranunculaceae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 26: 381–400.

Langlet, O. 1936. Några bidrag till kännedomen om kromosomtalen inom Nymphaeaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polemoniaceae och Compositae. Svensk Bot. tidsk. 30: 288–294.

Larter, L.N. H. 1932. Chromosome variation and behaviour in Ranunculus L. 26: 255– 283.

Lawrence, W.E. 1945. Chromosome numbers in Achillea in relation to feographic distribution. AMer. J. Bot. 34: 538–545.

Lazniewski, W.V. 1896. Beitr. z. Biol. d. Alpenpflanzen (Flora).

Leadly, P.W., Reynolds, J.F., and Chapin III, F.S. 1997. A model of nitrogen uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum roots in the field: ecological implications. Ecological Monographs 67: 1–22.

LeBlanc, M., Gajewski, K., and P.B. 2003. A diatom-based Holocene paleoenviornmental record from a lake on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada. The Holocene. Submitted.

Ledingham, G.F.1957. Chromosome numbers of some Saskatchewan Leguminsoae with particular reference to Astragalus and Oxytropis. Can. J. Bot. 35: 657–666.

Ledingham, G.F.1960. Chromosome numbers in Astragalus and Oxytropis. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 2: 119–128.

Ledingham, G.F. and Fahselt, M.D. 1964. Chromosome numbers of some North American species of Astragalus (Leguminosae). SIda, 1: 313–237.

Les, D.H., and Haynes, R.R. 1996. Coleogeton (Potamogetonaceae), a new genus of pondweeds. Novon 6: 389–391.

Levan, A. 1933. Ǘber das Geschlechtschromosom in Serdum rhodiola DC. Bot. Notiser 1933, 195–197.

Levere, T.H. 1993. Science and the Canadian Arctic: a century of exploration 1818–1918. Camb. Univ. Press. Cambridge, England.

Lid, J., and Lid, D.T. 1994. Norsk Flora: Ed. 6 by Eleven, R. Det norsk samlaget, Oslo.

Lidén, M., Popp, M., and Oxelman, B. 2001. A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 20: 513–518.

Liston, A. 1992. Variation in the chloroplast genes R POC1 and PROC2 of the genus Astragalus Fabaceae: evidence from restriction site mapping of a PCR-amplified fragment. Am. J. Bot. 79: 953–961.

Löve, Á. 1950. Some innovations and nomenclatural suggestions in the Icelandic flora. Bot. Not. 1950: 24–60.

Löve, Á. 1954. Cytotaxonomical evaluation of corresponding taxa. Vegetatio 5–6: 212–224.

Löve, Á. 1955. Cytotaqxonomical remarks on the Icelandic Papaver. Nytt Mag. Bot. 4:5–18.

Löve, Á. 1962a. Typification of Papaver radicatum – A nomenclatural detective story. Bot. Not. 115: 113–136.

Löve, Á. 1962b. Nomenclature of North American Papavers. Taxon 11: 132–138.

Löve, Á. 1964. Emendation in the Icelandic Flora. Taxon 19: 298–300.

Löve, Á. (ed.) 1967. IOPB chromosome number reports 14. Taxon 16: 552–571.

Löve, Á. (ed.) 1968. IOPB chromosome number reports 17. Taxon 17: 285–288.

Löve, Á. 1970a. Íslenzk Ferdaflóra. Reykjavik.

Löve, Á. 1970b. In: IOPB chromosome number reports XXV. Taxon 19: 102-113.

Löve, Á. 1984. Conspectus of the Triticeae. Feddes Repert. 95: 425–521.

Löve and Löve 1944a is: Cytotaxonomical studies on boreal plants. II. Some notes on the chromosome numbers of Juncaceae. Arkiv Bot. 31B(1): 1-6.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1944b. Cytotaxonomical studies on boreal plants. III. Some new chromosome numbers of Scandinavian plants. Arkiv Bot. 31A(12): 1-23.

Löve, Á.and Löve, D. 1948. Chromosome numbers of northern plant species. Icel. Univ. Inst. Appl. Sci. Dept. Agric. Rep. B 3: 1–131.

Löve, Á.and Löve D. 1956. Cytotaxonomical conspectus of the Icelandic flora. Acta Horti Gotob. 20: 65–291.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1961. Chromosome numbers of central and northwest European plant species. Opera Bot. 5: 1-581.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1964. In IOPB chromosome number reports II. Edited by A. Löve and O. Solbrig. Taxon 13: 202.

Löve, Á.and Löve, D. 1965. Taxonomic remarks in some American alpine plants. Potentilla hyparctica Malte ssp. robbinsiana (Oakes) Malte Löve, Á. & Löve stat. nov. Univ. Colorado Stud., Biol. Ser. 17: 23–24.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1965. Cytotaxonomy of the apline vascular plants of Mount Washington. Series 24: 37. Potentilla hyparctica Malte ssp. robbinsiana (Oakes) Malte Löve, Á. & Löve

Löve, Á., and Löve, D. 1966. Cytotaxonomy of the alpine vascular plants of Mount Washington. Univ. of Colorado Studies. Series in Biology 24. 74 pp.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1966b. Cytotaxonomy of the alpine vascular plants of Mount Washington. Univ. Colorado Stud., Biol. 24: 1-74.

Löve, Á.and Löve D. 1975a. Cytotaxonomical Atlas of the arctic flora. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Liechtenstein.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1975b. In IOPB chromosome number reports 49. Edited by A. Löve. Taxon 24: 504–507.

Löve, Á. and Löve D. 1976. Nomenclatural notes on Arctic plants. Bot. Not. 128: 497–523.

Löve, Á. and Löve, D. 1976b. In: IOPB chromosome number reports LIII. Taxon 25: 483–500.

Löve, Á., and Löve, D. 1982. In IOPB chromosome number reports 74. Edited by A. Löve. Taxon 31: 120–126.

Löve, Á., Löve, D. and Kapoor, B.M. 1971. Cytotaxonomy of a century of Rocky Mountain orophytes. Arct. Alp. Res. 3: 139–165.

Löve, Á. and Ritchie, J.C. 1966. Chromosome numbers from central northern Canada. Can. J. Bot. 44: 429–439.

Löve, Á., and Solbrig, O. 1964. Chromosome Number Reports II. Potentilla hyparctica Malte ssp. robbinsiana (Oakes) Malte Löve, Á. & Löve. Taxon 13: 204.

Löve, D. 1942. Some contributions to the cytology of Silenoideae. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 36: 262–270.

Lövkvist, B. 1956. The Cardamine pratensis complex. Outlines of its cytogenetics and taxonomy. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 14(2): 1–131.

Lövkvist, B. and Hultgård, U.-M. 1999. Chromosome numbers in South Swedish plants. Opera Botanica 137: 1–42.

Ludlam, S.D., Feeney, S. & Douglas, M.S.V. 1996. Changes in the importance of lotic and littoral diatoms in a high arctic lake over the last 191 years. Journal of Paleolimnology 16: 187–204.

Lütz, C. 1996. Avoidance of photoinhibition and examples of photodestruction in high alpine Eriophorum. J. Plant Physiol. 148: 120–128.

MacDonald, J. 1998. The Arctic Sky: Inuit astronomy, star lore, and legend. Co-published by the Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, and the Roly Ontario Museum, Toronto.

MacDonald, S.E. and Chinnappa, C.C. 1988. Patterns of variation in the Stellaria longipes complex: effects of polyploidy and natural selection. Amer. J. Bot. 75: 1191–1200.

Mackenezie, K.K. 1935. Cyperaceae – Cariceae. North American Flora, 18:1–478.

Macoun, J. 1886. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Pt. 3, Apetalae, 395–623. Montreal: Dawson Brothers.

Macoun, J.M., and Holm T. 1921. Report of the Canadian Arctic expedition, 1913–18. Vol. 5: Botany, Part A: Vascular plants. Ottawa: A. F. Acland. Pp. 3–48.

Machand, P.J., and Roach, D.A. 1980. Reproductive strategies of pioneering alpine species seed production, dispersal, and germination. Arctic Alpine Res. 12: 137–146.

Macior, L.W. 1975. Pollination ecology of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) in the Yukon Territory. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 1065–1072.

Macior, L.W. 1995. Pollination ecology of Pedicularis in Teton Mountain Region. Plant Species Biology 10: 77–82.

Mackinnon, C.S. 1982. The rise and decline of agriculture and horticulture ni the Mackenzie district and the Yukon. Musk-ox, 30: 48–63.

Mäkinen, Y. 1967. A variety of Calamagrostis lapponica in Finish Lapland. Bot. Notiser, 120: 501–503.

Maessen, O., Freedman, B., Svoboda J., and Nam, M.L.N. 1983. Resource allocation in high arctic vascular plants of differing growth form. Can. J. Bot. 61: 1680–1691

Mason, W.R.M.,Sherwell, G.E. and Cody, W.J. 1978. A plant collection from the southern interior of Banks Island, N.W.T. Can. Field-Nat. 86: 363–367.

Maessen, O., Freedman, B., Svoboda, J., and Nam, M.L.N. 1983. Resource allocation in high arctic vascular plants of differing growth form. Can. J. Bot. 61: 1680–1691.

Majak, W., Keller, W.J., Duan, Z., Munro, D., Smith, R.A., Davis, A.M., Ogilvie, R.T. 1994. Alkaloid distribution in two species of Lupinus in British Columbia. Phytochemistry (Oxford) 36: 883–885.

Malling, H. 1957. The chromosome number of Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. with a note on its sex determination. Hereditas 43: 517–525.

Malte, M.O. 1934. Antennaria of arctic America. Rhodora 36: 101–117.

Manuel, M. 2001. Economic use of totorilla (Juncus arcticus, Juncaceae) in Ecuador. Economic Botany 55( 2 ): p 236–242.

Marklund in Floderus, B. 1931. Salix. In Hartmans handbok i Skandinaviens flora, by O.R. Holmberg, 1–160. Stockholm: P.A. Nordstedt and Söners Förlag.

Manton, I. 1950. Problems of cytology and evolution in the Pteridophyra. Cambridge.

Matsuura, H, Saxena, G. Farmer, S.W., Hancock, R.E. W. and Towers, G.H.N. 1995. Antibacterial and antifungal compounds from Empetrum nigrum. Plant Medica 61: 580.

Matveyeva, N.V. 1998. Zonation in plant cover of the Arctic. Russian Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Komarov Botanical Institute, No.21 (in Russian). 220 pp.

Maycock, P.F. 1963. Plant records of the Ungava Peninsula, new to Quebec. Can. J. Bot. 41:1277–1279.

McAllister, H.A. 1973. Campanula rotundifolia: a local race in southwest Scotland. Glasgow Nat. 19: 66.

McGraw, J.B. 1993. Ecological genetic variation in seed banks: IV. Differentiation of extant and seed bank-derived populations of Eriophorum vaginatum. Arct. Alp. Res., 25: 45–49.

McJannet, C.L., Argus, G.W., Edlund, S.A., and Cayouette, J. 1993. Rare Vascular Plants in the Canadian Arctic. Syllogeus No. 72. Canadian Museum of Nature, Syllogeus No. 72, Ottawa.

McJannet, C.L., Argus, G.W., and Cody, W.J. 1995. Rare Vascular Plants in the Northwest Territories. Syllogeus No. 73. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.

McJannet, C.L., Aiken, S.G., Dallwitz, M.J., Gillespie, L.J., and Consaul, L.L. 1997 onwards. Saxifragaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

MacInnes, K.I. and Cavers, P.B. 1971. Reproduction in Arctic populations of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 58: 485.

McLachlan, K.I., Aiken, S.G., Lefkovitch, L.P., and Edlund, S.A. 1989. Grasses of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Can. J. Bot. 67: 2088–2105.

McLaren, I.A. 1964. A list of vascular plants from around Ogac Lake, south coast of Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. Can. Field-Nat. 78: 70–77.

McNeill, J., and Dore, W.G. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Nat. Can. (Quebec) 103: 553–567.

Meeko, S. 1991. Traditional medicine. Stories from Sanikidluaq, Iqaluit: Arctic College Nunatta Campus pp 28–532.

Melderis, A. 1980. Elymus L. In Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentin, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Menshikova, E.A. 1964. Anatomicheskay I kariologicheskay kharakteristika semeystva grechishnykh. Avtoref. Kand. DIss. Permskiy. Gos. Univ., Perm: 1–19.

Merxmüller, H. and Buttler, K.P. 1964. Die Chromosomenzahlen der mitteleuropäischen und alpinen Draben. – Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 77: 411–415.

Metcalfe, C.R. 1971. Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Michalska, A. 1953. Badania cytologiezne nad rodzajem Luzula Acta Soc. Bot. Polon. 22: 169–186.

Miller, N.G. and R.R. Irelanad. 1978. A floristic account of the Bryophytes of Bathurst Island, Arctic Canada. Cambridge, Mass. Farlow Herbarium, Harvard Univeristy, Occasional paper No.13.

Miller, O.K. Jr., and Larsen, G.A. 1974. Below ground fungal biomass on U.S. Biome sites at Barrow, Alaska. Pp 151–157 In A.J. Holding, O.W. Heal, S.F. MacLean Jr., and P.W. Flanagan (Eds.) Soil organisms and decomposition in Tundra. Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm, Sweden 398 pp.

Mitchell, W.W. 1968. Taxonomy, variation, and chorology of three chromosome races of the Calamagrostis canadensis complex in Alaska. Madroño 19: 235–246.

Mitchell, W.W. and Hodgson, H.J. 1968. Hybridization within the Triticeae of Alaska: a new X Elyhordeum and comments. Rhodora, 70: 467–473.

Mitui, K. 1965. Chromosome studies on Japanese ferns (1). Sci . Rep. Tokyo Kyoiku Daizaku, B, 13: 117–124.

Moore, D.M. 1963. The subspecies of Montia fonatna L. Bot. Notiser, 11: 16–30.

Moore, R.J. and Calder, J.A. 964. Some chromosome numbers of Carex species of Canada and Alaska. Can. J. Bot. 42: 387–1391.

Molau, U. and Mølgaard, P. 1996. International Tundra Experiment, ITEX Manual, second editions. Danish Polar Centre, Copenhagen.

Moodie, D.W. 1978. Gardening on Hudson Bay: the first century. The Beaver., (Summer): 54–59.

Montgomery, J.D., and Wagner Jr.,W.H. 1993. Dryopteris Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 20, 551. 1763, name conserved. Wood fern, shield fern, dryoptére [Greek drys, tree, and pteris fern]. In Flora of North America, 2: 280–305. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Moorhead, D.L., Kroehler, C.J., Linkins, A.E., and Reynolds J.F. 1993. Extracellular acid phosphatase activities in Eriophorum vaginatum Tussocks; a modelling synthesis. Arctic and Alpine Research. 25: 50–55.

Morrison, J.W. and Rajhathy. 1960. Frequency of quadrivalents in autotetraploid plants. Nature 187: 528–530.

Mosquin, R. 1963. Chromosomal races of Epilobium angustifolium and their tasxonomic rank. Amer. J. Bot. 50: 636.

Mosquin, T. 1966. A new taxonomy for Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae). Brittonia 18: 167–188.

Mosquin, T. 1967. Evidence of autopolyploidy in Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae). Evolution 21: 713–719.

Mosquin, T., and Haley, D.E. 1966. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some Canadian arctic plants. Can. J. Bot. 44: 1209–1218.

Molau, U. 1991. Gender variation in Bartsia alpina Scrophulariaceae, a subarctic perennial hermaphrodite. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 326–339.

Molau, U., Carlsson N., Dahlberg A., and Hill, O. 1989. Mating system and pollen mediated gene flow in Bartsia alpina. Oikos 55: 409–419.

Molau, U., Eriksen, B., Knudsen, J.T. 1989a. Pre-dispersal seed predation in Bartsia alpina. Oecologia (Berlin) 81:181–185.

Molau U. and Murray, D. F. 1996. Taxonomic revision of the Pedicularis sudetica complex (Scrophulariaceae): The arctic species. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 31: 33–46.

Műller, F. 1963. Jacobsen-McGill. Arctic Research Expedition 1959–1962. Preliminary report 1961–63. Montreal, McGill University.

Mulligan, G.A.1957. Chromosome numbers in Canadian weeds. Can. J. Bot. 35: 779–787.

Mulligan, G.A. 1961. Chromosome numbers of Canadian weeds. III. Can. J. Bot. 39: 105–1066.

Mulligan, G.A. 1965. Chromosome numbers of the family Cruciferae. II. Can. J. Bot. 43: 657–668.

Mulligan, G.A. 1966. Chromosome numbers of the family Cruciferae. III. Can. J. Bot. 44: 309–319.

Mulligan, G.A.1974. Cytotaxonomic studies of Draba nivalis and its close allies in Canada and Alaska. Can. J. Bot. 52: 1793–1801.

Mulligan, G.A.1976. The genus Draba in Canada and Alaska: key and summary. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1386–1393.

Mulligan, G.A., and Porsild A.E., 1969. Chromosome numbers of some plants from the unglaciated central Yukon plateau, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 47: 655–662.

Mulligan, G.A. and Bassett, I. J. 1959. Achillea millefoliumcomplex in Canada and portions of the United States. Can. J. Bot. 37: 73–79.

Mulligan, G.A. and CodyW.J. 1968. Draba norvegica, disjunct to the Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 46: 1334–1335.

Mulligan, G.A. and Porsild, A.E. 1970. In: IOPB chromosome number reports XXV. Taxon 19: 102–113.

Mulvey, R.H. 1963. A grass nematode, Anguina agrostis (Steinbuck), on Arctagrostis latifolia from the Canadian Arctic. Can. J. Zool. 41: 1223–1226.

Munz, P.A. 1965. Onagraceae. In: North Americant Flora II. Part 5: 1–231.

Munzing, A. 1954. The cytological basis of polymorphism in Poa alpina. Heridtas, 40: 459–516.

Murray, D.F. and Kelso, S. 1997. Chromosome numbers and notes on the taxonomy of selected Alaskan vascular plants. Rhodora 99: 33–55.

Musselman, L.J. and Rich, S.D. 1976. Notes on the hemi-parasite Bartsia-alpina Scrophulariaceae. Acta Botanica Islandica 4: 16–18.

 Nagy, J.A., Pearson, A.M. Goski, B.C. and Cody, W.J. 1979. Range extensions of vascular plants in Northern Yukon Territory and Northwestern District of Mackenzie. Can Field-Nat. 93: 259–265.

Nakatsubo, T., Bekku, Y., Kume, A., and Koizumi, H. 1998. Respiration of the below ground parts of vascular plants: Its contribution to total soil. Polar Research 17: 53–59.

Nannfeldt, J.A. 1935. Taxonomical and plant-geographical studies in the Poa laxa group. A contribution to the history of the north European Mountain floras. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 1: 3.

Nannfeldt, J.A. 1940. On the polymorphy of Poa arctica R. Br., with special reference to its Scandinavian forms. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 4: 1–86.

Nannfeldt, J.A. 1954. Some notes on Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern and allied species. Nytt Mag. Bot. 3: 159–169.

Nelmes, E. 1952. Facts and speculations on phylogeny in the tribe Cariceae of the Cyperaceae. Kew Bulletin 1951: 427-436.

Nelson, A. 1899. The western species of Astragalus. Erythea 7: 57–64.

Nickerson, H.H. Rowe, N.H. and Richter, E.A. 1973. Native plants in the diets of North Alaska Eskimos. In C.E. Smith Jr (ed.), Man and his food: studies in the ethnobotany of nutrition – contemporary, primative and prehistoric non-European diets, University of Alabama press.

Nilsson, C.H. and Svensson, B.M. 1997. Host affiliation in two subarctic hemiparasitic plants: Bartsia alpina and Pedicularis lapponica. Ecoscience 4: 80-85.

Nilsson, O. Papaver sect. Scapiflora. In: Jonsel, B. (Ed.) 2001. Flora Nordia 2. The Bergius Foundation. The Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm.

Nordal, I. Hestmark, G. and Solstad, H. 1997. Reproductive biology and demography of Papaver radicatum. A key species in Nordic plant geography. Opera Bot. 132: 77–87.

Nordal, I., and Stabbetorp, O.E. 1990. Morphology and taxonomy of the genus Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in northern Scandinavia. Nord. J. Bot. 10: 249–263.

Nordal, I., and Razzhivin, V.Yu. 1999. The species concept in the High North – A Panarctic Flora Initiative. Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. 1. Mat.-Naaturv. Klasse Skrifter Ny Serie 38.

Nordal, I., and Laane M.M. 1990. Cytology and reproduction in arctic Cochlearia. Sommerfeltia, 11: 147–158.

Nowosad, F.S. and A. Leahy. 1960. Soils of the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada. Agricultural Institute Review, 15: 49–50.

Nowosad, F.S 1963. Report on the possibility of kitchen gardens and greenhouses in the Keewatin region, Northwest Territories, bordering the Hudson Bay. Ottawa: A gricutlure Canada.

Noyes, R.D., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. 1995. Genetic and cytological investigations in sexual Erigeron compositus (Asteraceae).Syst. Bot. 20: 132–146.

Noyes, R.D. and Soltis, D.E. 1996. Genotypic variation in agamospermous Erigeron compositus (Asteraceae).Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1292–1303.

Nygren, A. 1946. The genesis of some Scandanavian species of Calamagrostis. Hereditas 32: 131–262.

Nygren, A. 1949. Studies on vivipary in the genus Deschampsia. Hereditas 35: 27–32.

Nygren, A. 1954. Investigations of North American Calamagrostis. Hereditas 40: 377–397.

Nygren, A. 1951. Experimental studies in Scandinavian alpine plants. II. On the origin of the Greenlandic species Melandrium triflorum (R. Br.) J. Vahl. Hereditas 37: 373–381.

Nyléhn, J. 1999. Preliminary notes on the Potentilla nivea complex in northwestern Europe. ‑ Skr. Norske Vidensk.-Akad. I. Mat. Naturv. Kl., Ny Serie 38: 239–242.

O'Kane, S.L. Jr. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 1997. A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 7: 323-327.

Ǿllgaard, B. 1979. A revised classification of the Lycopodiaceae s.l. Opera Bot. 92: 153-178.

Ootoova, I., Qaapik, T., Ijjangiaq, T. Pitseolka, J., Joamie, Aa., Joamie, Ak, Papatsie, M. 2001. Interviewing Inuit Elders. Vol. 5. Perspectives on Traditional Health. Nunavut Arctic College. Iqaluit. ISBN 1-896-204-35-X.

Orel, V.M. Taxoonomic rank of the genera Epilobium and Chamaenerion in the family Onagraceae. Izvestiya Severo-Kavkazskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra Vysshei Shkoly Estestvennye Nauki 5: 94-95.

Ostenfeld, C.H. 1909. Vascular plants collected in Arctic North America by the Gjöa Expedition under Captain Roald Amundsen, 1904–1906. Vidensk.-Selsk. Skr. I. Math.-Naturv, K1,8.

Ovenden, L. 1986. Vegetation colonizing the bed of a recently drained thermokarst lake Illisarvik Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 64: 2688–2692.

Overfield, T., Epstein, W.W., and Gaudioso, L. Eskimo uses of Artemisia-tilesii Compositae.
Econ. Bot. 34: 97-100.

Ouellet, J-P., and Boutin, S. Responses to simulated grazing and browsing of vegetation available to caribou in the Arctic. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1426–1435.

Oxelman, B. and Lidén, M. 1995. Generic boundaries in the tribe Silenae (Caryophyllaceae) as inferred from nuclear rDNA sequences. Taxon 44: 525–542.

Oxelman, B., Lidén, M., and Berglund, D. 1997. Chloroplast rps16 intron phylogeny of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 206: 393–410.

Packer, J.G. 1963. The taxonomy of some North American species of Chrysosplenium L., section Alternifolia Franchet. Can. J. Bot. 41: 85–103.

Packer, J.G. 1964. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on western Canadian and arctic plants. Can. J. Bot. 42: 473-494.

Packer, J.G. 1968. In: IOPB chromsomome number reports XVIII. Taxon 17: 285-288.

Packer, J.G. 1969. Polyploidy in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Arctic and Alpine Research 1: 15–28.

Packer, G.R. 1977.The flowering phenology of common vascular plants at Bailey Point Melville Island Northwest Territories Canada.Canadian Field-Naturalist 91: 81–83.

Packer, J.G. 1983. The flora of Alberta by E.H. Moss. 2nd. Ed. Univerisity of Toronto, Ont.

Packer, J.G., and McPherson, G. D. 1974. Chromosome numbers in some vascular plants from northern Alaska. Can. J. Bot. 52: 1095–1099.

Pellett, F.C. 1947. American honey plants. Orange Judd Publ. CO. Inc. N.Y. 467. Pp.

Peterson, D. 1935. Some chromosome numbers in the genus Stellaria. Bot. Notiser 1935: 409-410.

Petrovsky, V.V. 1999. The problem of species width in poppies Russian Arctic. Det. Norske –Akademmi. I. Mat. Naturv. Klasse, Skrifter, Ny serie 38: 243–259.

Peterson, D. 1936. Stellaria-Studien. Zur Zytologie, Genetik, Ökologie und Systematik der Gattung Stellaria, insbesondere der media-gruppe. Bot. Notiser 1936: 281-419.

Petrovsky, V.V. and Zhukova, P.G. 1981. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some plant species of Wrangel Island. Bot. Zhurn. 66: 380–387.

Petrovsky, V.V., and Zhukova, P.G. 1983a. The chromosome numbers, morphology, ecology, and taxonomy of the willows of northeast Asia. Bot. Zhur. [In Russian] 68: 29–38.

Philipp, M. 1972. The Stellaria longipes complex group in N.W Greenland. Cytological and morphological investigations. Bot. Tidsskr. 67: 68–75.

Philipp, M. 1975. Flower biology of Stellaria longipes. Bot. Tidsskr. 69: 239–244.

Philipp, M. 1980. Reproductive biology of Stellaria longipes as revealed by cultivation experiments. New Phytol. 85: 557–569.

Philipp, M. 1990. Genetic diversity, breeding system, and population structure in Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) in West Greenland. Opera Botanica 132: 89–100

Phillip, M., Böcher, J., Mattsson, O., and Woodell, S.R.J. 1990. A quantitative approach to the secual reproductive biology and population structure in some arctic flowering plants: Dryas integrifolia, Silene acaulis and Ranunculis nivalis. Meddel. Om Grønland. Biosicience 34. 60 pp.

Philipp. M. 1998. Genetic variation in four species of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) within a limited area in West Greenland. Arctic and Alpine Research 30: 396-399.

Pielou, E.C. 1994. A naturalist’s Guide to the Arctic. Univeristy of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Pojar, J. 1973. Levels of polyploidy in four vegetation types of southwestern British Columbia. Can. J. Bot. 51: 621-628.

Polunin, N. 1934. Flora of Akpatok Island. J. Botany 72: 197–204.

Polunin, N. 1938. The flora of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay. J. Botany 76: 93–103.

Polunin, N. 1940a. The flora of Devon Island in Arctic Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 54: 31–37.

Polunin, N. 1940b. Botany of the Canadian Eastern Arctic. Part. 1. Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. Natl. Mus. Canad. Bull. 92.

Polunin, N. 1951. The real Arctic: suggestions for its delimitation, subdivision and characterization. J. of Ecol. 39: 308–315.

Polunin, N. 1955. Attempted dendrochronological dating of Ice Island T-3. Science, 122: 1184–1185.

Polunin, N. 1959. Circumpolar Arctic Flora. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Poole, P. 1985. Polar solar. Report on the design, construction and installation of a greenhouse at Pond Inlet, Northwest Territories. Ottawa: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.

Porsild, M. P. 1932. Alien plants and apophytes of Greenland. Medd. Grönl. 92: 1–85 + 2 plates.

Porsild, A.E. 1937. Edible roots and berries of northern Canada. Nat. Mus. Can. 17 pp.

Porsild, A.E. 1943. Materials for the flora of the Continental Northwest Territories of Canada. Sargentia 4:1–79.

Porsild, A.E. 1937. Emergency food in arctic Canada. Nat. Mus. Can. Spec. Contri. 45–1, 20 pp mimeo.

Porsild, A.E. 1947. The genus Dryas in North America. Canadian Field-Nat. 61: 175–192.

Porsild, A.E. 1950. The genus Antennaria in northwestern Canada. Canadian Field-Nat. 64: 1–25.

Porsild, A.E. 1951, Two new Oxytropis from arctic Alaska and Yukon. Can. Field-Nat. 65: 76–79.

Porsild, A.E. 1953. Edible plants of the Arctic. Arctic 6: 15-34.

Porsild, A.E. 1955. The vascular plants of the western Canadian archipelago. Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 135 (Biol. Ser. 45).

Porsild, A.E. 1957. Illustrated flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. No. 146.

Porsild, A.E. 1964. Illustrated flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Second edition. Natl. Mus. Can. Bull. No. 146.

Porsild, A.E. 1965. The genus Antennaria in eastern arctic and subarctic America. Saetryk af Botanisk Tidsskrift 61: 1–25.

Porsild, A.E. 1973. Illustrated Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ottawa, Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Affairs.

Porsild A.E., and Cody, W.J. 1980. Vascular plants of the Continental Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

Porsild, A.E., Harington, C.R., and Mulligan, G.A. 1967. Lupinus arcticus Wats, grown from seed of Pleistocene age. Science, 58: 113–114.

Praglowsk, J., Nowicke, J.W., Skvarla, J.J., Hoch, P.C. Raven, P.J. and Takahashi, M. Onagraceae Juss. Circaeeae DC., Hauyeae Raimann, Epilobieae Spach. World Pollen Spore Flora 19: 1-38.

Prentice, H.C. 1986. Climate and clinal variation in seed morphology of the white campion, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27: 179–189.

Price, R.A., Al-Shehbaz, I.A. & O'Kane, S.L. Jr. 2001. Beringia (Brassicaceae), a new genus of arabidopsoid affinites from Russia and North America. Novon 11: 332-336.

Prevost, D., and Bal Arya K. 1994. Early stages of nodulaton in roots of Oxytropis arctobia (Leguminosae) induced by the arctic rhizombial strain N31. Nordic J. Bot. 14: 331–337.

Pugsley, H.C. 1960. Interesting hybrid willow-herbs. Bull. Hardy Plant Soc. 2: 102–104.

Pullman, E.R., Funk, D.W., Peterson, K.M., and Crill, P.M. 1995. Landscapes: Human ecology, landscape ecology, earth system science. AAAS Arctic Division. University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.

Puntari, I., Kallio, H. and Linko, R.R. 1985. Volatiles of crowberry, Empetrum nigrum. Lebensm-Wiss Technol 18: 249-251.

Raab, T.K., Lipson, D.A., and Monson, R.K. 1996. Non-mycorrhizal uptake of amino acids by roots of the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides: implications for the alpine nitrogen cycle. Oecologia 108: 488–494.

Rändel, U. 1974. Beiträg zur Kenntnis der Sippenstrucktur der Gattung Papaver L.Sectio Scapiflora Reichenb. (Papaveraceae) Feddes Repert 84: 655–732.

Randall, J.L. and Hilu, K.W. 1986. Biosystematic studies of North American Trisetum spicatum (Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 567–578.

Raven, P.H. 1976. Generic and sectional delimitation in Onagraceae, Tribe Epilobieae. Ann. M. Bot. Gaard. 63: 326-340.

Raup, W.F. Jr. 1949. The effect of mechanical injury on Equisetum arvense. Am. Fern Jour. 43: 13–16.

Raup, H.M. 1959. The willows of boreal western America. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 185: 3–95.

Rauschert, S. 1973. Zur nomenklature der fram- und blütenpflanzen Deutschlands (III). Feddes Repertorium, 83: 645–662. (Discussion on names Calamagrostis neglecta/stricta )

Ray, R. W. 1951. Climate of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Toronto: Department of Transport. Form 90002.

Reichenbach, H.G.L. 1841-42. Icones florae germanicae et helveticae. 5. Friedrich Hofmeister, Leipzig.

Remmert, H. 1980. Arctic Animal Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Reznicek, A.A. 1990. Evolution in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). Can. J. Bot. 68: 1409–1432.

Rink, H. 1857. Grønland geografisk og statistisk beskrevet. Copenhagen: 2 vols, 202 + 218 pp.; 421 +172 pp.

Ritchie, J.C., Hadden, K.A. and Gajewski, K. 1987. Modern pollen spectra from lakes in Arctic western Canada. Can. J. Bot. 65: 1605–1613.

Ritchie, J.C. 1977. The modern and late Quaternary vegetation of the Campbell dolomite uplands near Inuvik Northwest-territories, Canada. Ecological Monographs 47: 401-424.

Roach D, A. and Marchand, P. J. 1980. Reproductive strategies of pioneering alpine species seed production dispersal and germination. Arctic and Alpine Research 12: 137–146.

Roach D, A. and Marchand, P. J. 1984. Recovery of alpine disturbances early growth and survival in populations of the native species Arenaria-groenlandica, Juncus-trifidus and Potentilla-tridentata. Arctic and Alpine Research 16: 37–44.

Rodahl, K. 1944. Content of vitamin C (1-ascorbic acid) in Arctic plants. Trans. and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 34: 205–251.

Rodahl, K. 1945. Vitamin B content of arctic plants and animal tissue. Trans. and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 34: 244–210.

Rodahl, K. 1949. Vitamin sources in arctic regions. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 91. 64 p.

Rodahl, K. 1950. Arctic nutrition. Can. Geogr. J. 30: 52–60.

Rhodal, K. 1954. Vitamin content of arctic plants. Part 3. Transactions and proceedings of the Botantical Society of Edinburgh, 36: 267–277.

Rohrbach, P. 1869. Monographie der Gattung Silene. Leipzig.

Rollins, R.C. 1941. A monographic study of Arabis in western North America. Rhodora 43: 289-325, 348–411, 425-481. (Three issues).

Rollins, R.C. 1953. Braya in Colorado. Rhodora 55: 109-116.

Rollins, R.C. 1993. The Cruciferae of Continental North America. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 976 pp.

Romer, M.J. 1983. The production and performance of native and temperate-crop plants in Rankin Inlet, Northwest Territories. M.Sc. thesis. Univeristy of Toronto.

Romer, M.J. 1987. Pond Inlet gardens. A report on the design and operation of a solar greenhouse on north Baffin Island, N.W.T., with particular reference to economic viability of vetgetable production for arctic regions. Toonoonik-Sahoonik Co-op and Department of Economic Developments and Tourism, Pond Inlet.

Romer, M.J., Cummins, W. R. and J. Svoboda, J. 1981. Is there potential for Canadian northern agriculture? A justification for research on northern native plants as potential food crops. In Proceedings of the first international sympostium on renewable resources and the economy of the North, edited by M.M.R. Freeman. 161–165. Ottawa: association of Canadian Univeristies for Northern Studies.

Romer, M.J., Cummins, W. R. and J. Svoboda, J. 1983. Productivity of native and temperate-crop plants in Keewating District, Northwest Territories. Naturaliste Canadien (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 110: 85–93.

 

Rosendahl, C.O. 1947. Studies in Chrysosplenium with species reference to the taxonomic status and distribution of C. iowense. Rhodora, 49: 25–35.

Roshevitz, 1932. Gramineae novae II. Izv. Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk SSSR, 30: 293–304.

Rostovsta, T.S. 1977. Cisla khromosom u nekotorykh vidov rasteniy juga Sibiri. Bot. Zhurn. 62: 1034–1042.

Rothera, S.L., and Davy, A.J. 1986. Polyploidy and habitat differentiation in Deschampsia cespitosa. New Phytologist, 102: 449–467.

Rousi, A. 1965. Biosystematic studies on the species aggregate Potentilla anserina L. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2: 47–112.

Runge F. 1988. Tthe spread of Senecio-congestus in Central Europe.Floristische rundbriefe 21: 98-100.

Rydberg, P.A. 1922. Carduaceae, Senecioneae. N. Am. Flora.

Salisbury, E. 1961. Weeds and aliens. Collins, London. 384.p.

Samuelsson, Von-Gunnar, 1922. Zwei neue Epilobium – Arten aus der Arktis. Bot. Not. 1922: 260-264.

Savile, D.B.O. and Calder, J.A. Notes on the flora of Chesterfield Inlet, Keewatin District, N.W.T. Can. Field-Nat. 66:103–107.

Savile, D.B.O. 1961. The botany of the northwestern Queen Elizabeth Islands. Can. J. Bot. 39: 909–942.

Savile, D.B.O. 1963. Mycology in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 16: 17–25.

Savile, D.B.O. 1964. General ecology and vascular plants of the Hazen Camp area. Arctic 17: 237–258.

Savile, D.B.O. 1972. Arctic adaptations in plants. Canada Dept. Agriculture, Research Branch, Monograph 6.

Savile, D.B.O. 1968. Flora and Fauna of land areas, part 1. Land Plants In Science, History and Hudson Bay. Edited by Beals, C.S. 1: 397–416.

Savile, D.B.O. 1969. Interrelationships of Ledum species and their rust parasites in Western Canada and Alaska. Can. J. Bot. 47: 1085-1100.

Savile, D.B.O. 1974. Arctic Islands: vegetation and animal life. Pp. 1117–1118 In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15 ed.

Savile, D.B.O. 1979. Ring counts in Salix arctica from northern Ellesmere Island. Can. Field-Nat. 93: 81–82.

Savile, D.B.O. 1990. Relationships of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae reflected by their fungal parasites. Can. J. Bot. 31: 164-174.

Schaefer, J.A., and Messier, F. 1995. Scale-dependent correlations of Arctic vegetation and snow cover. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 38–43.

Schaffner, J.H. (1928). The occurrence of 3- and 4- angled branches in Equisetum arvense. Am. Fern J. 18: 69–79.

Scheen, A-C. 1999. Molecular and morphological variation in Draba lactea (Brassicaceae) and its putative progenitors in Svalbard. Cand. Scient. Thesis. Botantical Museum, University of Oslo, Trondheimsveien 23B, N-0562 Oslo, Norway.

Scheen, A.-C., Elven, R. & C. Brochmann. 2002. A molecular-morphological approach solves taxonomic controversy in arctic Draba (Brassicaceae). Can. J. Bot. 80: 59-71.

Scholander, P.D. 1934. Vascular plants from northern Svalbard. Skr. Svalbard Ishavet, 62: 1–153.

Schofield, J. J. 1989. Discovering Wild plants, Alaska, Western Canada, the Northwest. Alaska Northwest Books, G.TE Discovery Publications, Inc. 22023 20th Ave. S.E. Bothell, WA. 98021.

Schulz, O.E. 1927. Cruciferae – Draba et Erophila. – Das Pflanzenreich 89 (4.105): 1-396.

Schouten, Y., and Veldkamp, J.F. 1985. A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochloë (Gramineae) in Malaysia and Thailand. Blumea, 30: 319–351.

Schultes, R.J. 1980. Role of polyploidy in the evolution of fishes. Pages 313–340 in W.H. Lewis ed. Polyploidy: biological relevance. Plenum. New York.

Scoggan, H.J. 1978. The Flora of Canada. Part 2. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Botany, No. 7(2).

Scoggan, H.J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae. In The Flora of Canada. Part 4. National Museums of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ont. P. 1583–1585.

Scott, P.J., Aiken, S.G., Boles, R.L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2000 onwards. Ranunculaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/

Scott, P.J., Aiken, S.G., and Dallwitz, M.J. (in preparation). Brassicaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a DELTA database for interactive identification and illustrated information retrieval.

Semple, J.C., Chmielewski, J.G., Xiang, C. 1992. Chromosome number determinations in family Compositae tribe Astereae iv. additional reports and comments on the cytogeography and status of some species of Aster and Solidago. Rhodora 94: 48–62.

Shacklette, H.T. 1964. Flower variation of Eplobium angustifolium L. growing over uranium deposits. Can. Field-Nat. 78:32–42.

Sheath, R.G., Vis, M.L., Hambrook, J.A. & Cole, K.M. 1996. Tundra stream macro-algae of North America: composition, distribution and physiological adaptations. Hydrobiologia 336: 67-82.

 

Shevtsove, A., Haukjioja, E. and Ojala, A. 1997. Growth response of subarctic dwarf shrubs, Empetrum nighrum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea to manipulated environmental conditons and species removal. Oikos 78: 440–458.

Siira, J., and Merila, E. 1985. Puccinellia phryganodes (Poaceae) in Finland: Occurrences and ecology up to 1983. Ann. Bot. Fennici 22: 281–290.

Simmons, H.G. 1906. The vascular plants in the flora of Ellesmereland. Rept. 2nd Norwegian Arct. Exp. In the “Fram”, 1898–1902, No. 2.

Simmons, H.G. 1913. A survey of the phytogeography of the Arctic American Archipelago. Lunds Univ. Arsskr, N.F. Afd. 1, 9(19): 1–183.

Skvortsov, A.K. 1971. On the taxonomy of willows in Greenland, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands. Ann. Naturhistorisches Mus. Wien 75: 223–233.

Skvortsov, A.K. 1989. Willows (Salix) of the section Chamaetia and the problem of the origin of arctic flora. Flora, 182: 57–67.

Skvortsov, A.K. 1999. Willows of Russia and adjacent countries. University of Joensuu Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Report Series, Biology, 39. 307 pp. Sladen, F.W.L. 1920. Fireweed as a honey plant. Agr. J. 5:122.

Slaymaker, O. 1988. Physiographic regions, in the Canadian Encyclopedia. Edited by J.H. Marsh, en ed. Edomton. Hurtig. 3: 1671.

Small, E. 1966. Chromosomal and morphological variation in Epilobium latifolium L. Master’s thesis. Carleton Univeristy, Ottawa, Ontario, Vanada xi. + 75 pp.

Small, E. 1968. The systematics of autoploydy in Epilobium latifolium (Onagraceae). Britttonia, 20: 169-181.

Small, E. 1997. Culinary herbs. N.R.C. Research Press, Ottawa, ON. 710 pp. [Chapter on Taraxacum: pp 598-605].

Small, E. and Catling, P.M. 1999. Canadian Medicinal Crops. NRC Research Press. Ottawa.

Small, E. and Catling, P.M. 2000a. Poorly known economic plants of Canada. – 26. Ledum palustre sensu lato (Rhododendron tomentosum). Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin 33: 31-36.

Small, E. and Catling, P.M. 2000b. Poorly know economic plants of Canada. – 27. Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus. Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin 33: 43–49.

Smith, D.L. and Faulkner, J.S. 1976. The inflorescence of Carex and related genera. Bot. Rev. 42: 53-81.

Smith, I.R. 2002. Diatom-based Holocene paleoenvironmental records from continental sites on northeastern Ellesmere Island, high arctic, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 27: 9-28.

Smol J.P. 1983. Paleophycology of a high arctic lake near Cape Herschel, Ellesmere Island. Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 2195-2204.

Snell, R. S. 1936. Anatomy of the spikelets and flowers of Carex, Kobresia, and Uncinia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 277-295.

Soják, J. 1985. Some new northern hybrids in Potentilla L. Preslia 57: 263–266.

Soják, J. 1986. Notes on Potentilla. I. Hybridogenous species derived from intersectional hybrids of sect. Niveae x sect. Multifidae. Not. Jahrb. Syst. 106: 145–210.

Soják, J. 1989. Notes on Potentilla (Rosaceae). VIII. P. nivea agg. Candollea 44: 741–762.

Sokolovskaya, A.P. 1970. Kariologicheskoe issledovanie flory Basseyna R. Usy (Komi ASSR). Vestn. Leningr. Univ., Ser. Biol. 2(15): 106-114.

Sokolovskaya, A.P. and Strelkova, O.S. 1960. Geograficheskogo rasprostranenie poliploidnykh idov rasteniy v evraziatskoy arktike. Bot. Zhurn. 45: 370-381.

Sokolovskaya, A.P. & Strelkova, O.S. 1962. O zakonomernostyakh geograficheskogo rasprostraneniya poliploidnykh vidov rasteniy. Trudy Moskovsk. Obshch. Ispyt. Prirody 5: 83-89.

Solbreack, C. and Andersson, D. 1987. Vertical distribution of fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium seeds in the air. Can J. Bot. 65: 2177-2178.

Söllner, R. 1950. Polyploïdie intraspecifique chez Cerastium arvense L. et nombres chromosomiques de quelques autres Cerastium. Experientia 6: 335.

Söllner, R. 1954. Recherches cytotaxinomiques sur le genre Cerastium. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 64: 221-354.

Solstad, H. 1998. Genetical and ecological variation in S. Norwegian Papaver radicatum Rottb. Comparisonns with related species, and implications for taxonomy and phytogeography. Cand. Scient. Thesis, Univ. of Oslo.

Solstad, H., Elven, R. and Nordal, I. 1999. Are there too many species and subspecies in the Papaver radicatum complex. Det. Norske –Akademmi. I. Mat. Naturv. Klasse, Skrifter, Ny serie 38: 281–294.

Solstad, H., Elven, R., and Stabbetorp, O. 1997. Habiatvaalg og demografi hos de sørnorske fjellvalmuene (Papaver radicatum). NTNU Vitensk. Mus. Rapp. Bot. Ser. 1997, 1: 67–87.

Soltis, D.E., and P.S. Soltis. 1988. Electrophoretic evidence for genetic diploidy in Psilotum nudum. Am. J. Bot. 75: 238–247.

Söllner, R. 1950. Polyploidie intraspécifique chez Cerastium arvense et nombres chromosomiques de quelques autres Cerastium. Experientia 6: 335–337.

Söllner, R. 1953. Sur l’emploi des critères cytologiques dans la taxonomie du genre Cerastium. Bull. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat. 76: 121–132.

Söllner, R. 1954. Recherches cytotaxonomiques sur le genre Cerastium. Bull. Soc. Bot. Suisse 64: 221–354.

Soper, J.D. n.d. Plants of Southern Baffin Island: Appendix 1 to a manuscript report tot he National Museum on file in the University of Alberta Archives (Accession No. 78–108–10).

Soper, J.D. 1981. Canadian Arctic recollections. Baffin Island, 1923–1931. Mawdsley Memoir 4. Institute for Northern Studies, University of Saskatchew, Saskatoon.

Soper, J. H., and J. M. Powell. 1985. Botanical studies in the Lake Hazen Region, northern Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Publications in Natural Sciences 5. 67 pp.

Soreng, R.J. 1991. Notes on new infraspecific taxa and hybrids in North American Poa (Poaceae). Phytologia, 71: 390–413.

Sørensen, T.J. 1933. The vascular plants of east Greenland from 71°00' to 73°30'N lat. Medd. Gronl. 101: 1–177.

Sørensen, T.J. 1941. Temperature relations and phenology of the northeast Greenland flowering plants. (Reprinted from Medd. Gronl. 125: 1-305). Commision Hos C.S. Reitzels Forlag. Copenhagen.

Sørensen, T.J. 1953. A revision of the Greenland species of Puccinellia Parl. with contributions to our knowledge of the arctic Puccinellia flora in general. Medd. Gronl. 136: 1–169.

Sørensen, T.J. 1955. In Porsild, A.E. The vascular plants of the western Canadian arctic archipelago. Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 135 (Biol. Ser. 45).

Šourková, M. 1976. Steris Addanson – the correct name for the genus Viscaria Bernh. (Caryophyllaceae-Lychnideae). Novit. Bot. Inst. Horto Bot. Univ. Prag. 1973-1975: 25–28.

Spasskaya, N.A. 1979. Chromosome numbers of species of the genus Cardamine L. (Brassicaceae) from the European part of the U.S.S.R. Bot. Zhurn. 64: 1099-1110.

Stace, C.A. 1989. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. 2nd ed. – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Stace, C.A. 1997. The new flora of the British Isles. Edition 2. Cambridge University Press.

Stafleu, F.A. and Cowan, R.S. 1986. Taxonomic literature, Volume VI, Sti-Vuy. Utrecht.

Standley, L.A. 1990. Anatomical aspects of the taxonomy of sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). Can. J. Bot. 68: 1449–1456.

Staniforth, R. J., Griller, N., Lajzerowicz, C. 1998. Soil seed banks from coastal subarctic ecosystems of Bird Cove, Hudson Bay.Ecoscience 5: 241–249.

Stanley, S.M. 1999. Earth system history. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.

Starchenko, V.M., and Krivoshchekova, O.E. 1978. Naptho quinone content in Soviet Far-East representative of the family Boraginaceae. Rastit Resur 14: 393–396. [Russian – English Abstract]

Starr, J.R., Bayer, R.J., and Ford, B.A. 1999. The phylogenetic position of Carex section Phyllostachys and its implications for phylogeny and subgeneric circumscription in Carex (Cyperaceae). Am. J. Bot. 86: 563–577.

Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York.

Steen, N.W. 2000. A test of the hybrid origin hypotheses of Pucciphippsia vacillans (Poaceae) in Svalbard, by use of enzymatic, morphological and cytological data. Cand. Scient. thesis. Division of Botany, Department of Biology; Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden; The University Courses on Svalbard. University of Oslo.

Steen, W.S. Gielly, L., Taberlet, P. and Brockmann, C. 2000. Same parental species, but different taxa: molecular evidence for hybrid origns of the rare endemics Saxifraga opdalensis and S. svalbardensis (Saxifragaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 132: 153–164

Stewart, J.D., and Freedman, B. 1983. Patterns of biomass allocation among a group of sympatric species of Saxifraga in the High Arctic. Am. J. Bot. 75. 56.

Stutz, R.C. 1972. Survey of mycorrhizal plants pp. 214-216. Bliss (L.C. ed). Deveon Island IBP project. High Arctic Ecosystem. Project report 1970 and 1971. Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

Suda, Y., and Argus, G. W. 1968. Chromosome numbers of some North American Salix. Brittonia, 20: 191–197.

Suda, Y., and Argus, G. W. 1969. Chromosome numbers of some North American Arctic and Boreal Salix. Can. J. Bot. 47: 859–862.

Sverdrup, O. 1903. The Norwegian polar expedition in the Fram 189801902. Geographical Journal Vol 22. 38–56.

Svoboda, J. and Freeman, B. 1994. Ecology of a polar oasis. Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Captus University Publications, Toronto.

Swallen, J.R. 1944. The Alaskan species of Puccinellia. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 34: 16–32.

Takahashi, H. and E. Haber. 1993. Morphological variability of Pyrola minor in Sweden, Asia and North America. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University 65: 275–287.

Talbot, S.S., Yurtsev, B.A., Murray, D.F., Argus, G.W., Bay,C, and Elvebakk, A. 1999. Atlas of Rare Endemic Vascular Plants of the Arctic. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Technical Report No. 3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK iv +73 pp.

Tanaka, N. 1981. Studies on chromosome arrangement in some higher plants. 1. Interphase chromosome in 3 liliaceous plants. Cytologia, 46: 343–358.

Tateoka, T. 1955. Karyotaxonomy in Poaceae. III. Further studies of somatic chromosomes. Cytologia, 20: 296–306.

Tateoka, T. 1973. A taxonomic study of the genus Calamagrostis on Mount Yakeishidake. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 86: 103–120.

Tateoka, T. 1974. A cytotaxonomical study of the Calamagrostis purpurea-langsdorffii-canadensis complex in the lowlands of Hokkaido. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 87: 237–251.

Taylor, H.W., Hutchinson-Benson, and Svoboda, J. 1985. Search for latitudinal trends in the effective half-life of fallout cesium-137 in vegetation of the Canadian arctic. Can. J. Bot. 63: 792–796.

Taylor, J. 1863. Notice of flowering plants and ferns collected on both sides of Davis Straits and Baffin’s Bay. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 7: 323–334.

Taylor, R.L. and Mulligan, G.A. 1968. Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Part 2. Cytological aspects of the vascular plants. Ottawa.

Teeri, J.A. 1972. Microenvironmental adaptations of local populations of Saxifraga oppositifolia in the High Arctic. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University.

Thannheiser, D. Floristische Studien auf Victoria Island, N.W.T. (Kanada). Unpublished.

Tischler, G. 1950. Die chromosomenzhalen der Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas. W. Junk, Gravenhage.

Tollefsrud, M.M., Bachmann, K., Jakobsen, K.S. and Brochmann, C. 1998. Glacial survival does not matter – II RAPD phylogeography of Nordic Saxifraga cespitosa Molecular Ecology 7: 1217-1232.

Tolmachev, A/ 1923. O evropeyskikh rasaakh Papaver radicaturm Rottb. Not. Syst. Herb. Hort Bot. Petrop. 4: 81–91.

Tolmatchew, A. 1927a. Űdie Formenn von Papaver radicatum Rottb. Und ihr Verbreiitung in Skandiinavien. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 21: 73–83.

Tolmatchew, A. 1927. K poznaniju severno-sibirskich Cerastium (To the knowledge of north Siberian Cerastium). Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS: 21: 79–86.

Tolmachew, A. 1939. Draba L. – In: Komarov, V.L. (ed.), Flora S.S.S.R. Vol. 8. (English translation 1970 by Lavoott, R., Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, pp 276-337, 486-487).

Tolmatchev, A.I. (ed.) 1971. Flora Arctica URSS. 6. Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae. Leninopoli.

Tolmatchew, A. 1975. Genus Papaver L. Arctic Flora USSR VII. Papaveraceae Cruciferaae. Nauka, Moskva–Lenningrad. Pp. 7–32 [In Russian].

Trelawny, J.G. 1983. Wildflowers of the Yukon and Northwestern Vanada, Including Adjacent Alaska. Sono Nis Press, 1745 Blanshard St., Victoria, B.C. V8W 2J8.

Tuhkanen, S. 1986. Delimitation of climatic-phytogeological regions at the high-latitude area. Nordica, 20: 105 Polunin, N. 1951. The real Arctic: suggestions for its delimitation, subdivision and characterization. J. of Ecol. 39: 308–315.

Tunon, H., Thorsell, W. and Bohlin, L. 1994. Mosquito repelling activity of compounds occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Econ. Bot. 48: 111–120.

Turland, N. 1994. (1289–1290) Proposals to conserve the name Carex lachenalii against C. tripartita and C. leporina, and to reject the name C. bipartita (Cyperaceae). Taxon, 46: 341–345.

Turland, N. 1997. (1277) Proposal to reject the name Eriophorum polystachion (Cyperaceae). Taxon, 46: 115–116.

Turner, N.J. 1981. A gift for the taking: the untapped potential of some food plants of North America. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59: 2331–2357.

Tutin, T.G. 1980. Agrostis L., Phippsia R. Br. In Flora Europaea Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., and Webb., D.A. 1980. Flora Europaea Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tzvelev, N.N. 1971. Notae de gramineis florae URSS, 6. Nov. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 76.

Tzvelev, N.N. 1974. Deschampsia in A.I. Tolmacev, Fl. Sev. Vost. Euro. Chasti. SSSR 1: 139–143.

Tzvelev, N.N. 1976. Poaceae URSS. Nauka, Leningrad. 788 p. [in Russian] and Grasses of the Soviet Union. Parts 1 and 2. Translated from Russian (1983). Zlaki SSSR. (In Russian.) Nauka, Leningrad. Published for the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC, by Oxonian, New Delhi.

Tzvelev, N.N. 2000. On the genus Gastrolychnis (Caryophyllaceae) in European Russia. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn 85:99–102.

Ugborogho, R.E. 1972. In: IOPB chromosome number reports XXXV. Taxon 21: 161-166.

Ugborogho, R.E. 1973. North American Cerastium arvense L. I. Cytology. Cytologia 38: 559-566.

Uhrikova, A., and Paclova, L. 1986. Karyological study of the Slovak Czechoslovakia Flora XIV. Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae Botanica, 33: 69–72.

Utech, F.H. 1978. Floral vascular anatomy of Pleea tenuifolia Liliaceae Tofieldieae and its reassignment to Tofieldia. Ann. Carnegi Mus. 47: 423–454.

Van der Wal R., Madan, N., van Lieshout, S., Dormann, C. Langvatn, R. and Albon S. D. 2000. Trading forage quality for quantity? Plant phenology and patch choice by Svalbard reindeer. Oecologia (Berlin) 123 :108-115.

Våre, H. and Virtanen, R. 1994. Morphological variation of Erigeron in NW Finnish Lapland.
Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 70: 73–82.

Vellend, M., and Waterway, M.J. 1997. Geographic patterns in the genetic diversity of a northern wetland sedge, Carex rariflora. Am. J. Bot. 86 (6 Suppl): 240.

Velluti, C., Krahenbuhl, M. and Ferrari, C. 1995. A contribution to the cytogeography of Empetrum nigrum L. s.str. and E. hermaphroditum (Lange) Hagerup. Archivia Geobotanico 1: 165-170.

Vézina, S. & Vincent, W.F. 1997. Arctic cyanobacteria and limnological properties on their environment: Bilot Island, Northwest Territories, Canada (73° N, 80° W). Polar Biology 17: 523-534.

Vida, G. 1976. The role of polyploidy in evolution. Pages 267–294. In V.J.A. Novak and B. Pacltova eds. Evolutionary biology. Czechosloviak Academy of Sciences, Prague.

Viereck, L.A., and Little, E.L. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service.

Vincent, W.F., Gibson, J.A.E., Pienitz, R., Villeneuve, V., Broady, P.A., Hamilton, P.B. & Howard-Williams, C. 2000. Ice shelf microbial ecosystems in the high arctic and implications for life on snowball earth. Naturwissenschaften 87: 137-141.

Vitt, D.H., Marsh, J.E. and Bovey, R.B. 1988. Mosses, Lichens and Ferns of Northwest North America. Lone Pine Publishing 414, 10357-109 St., Edmonton, Alberta T5J 1N3.

Wagner, B.G. and Chiinnappa, C.C. 1990. Pollen polymorphism in Empetrum nigrum, Empetraceae in Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 27: 2331-234.

Wagner, F.S. 1987. Evidence for the origin of the hybrid cliff fern, Woodsia x abbeae (Aspleniaceae: Athrioideae). Syst. Bot. 12: 116–124.

Wagner, F.S. 1992. Cytological problems in Lycopodium s.l. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 79: 718-729.

Wagner, H.W. Jr., and Beitel, J.M. 1992. Generic classification of modern North American Lycopodiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden. 79: 676–686.

Wagner, H.W. Jr., and Beitel J.M. 1993. Lycopodiaceae Mirbel. Club-moss family. In Flora of North America 2: 18–37. Oxford University Press. Inc. New York.

Wagner, H.W., Jr., and F.S. Wagner. 1980. Polyploidy in Pteridophytes. Pages 199–214. In W.H. Lewis ed. Polyploidy: biological relevance. Plenum, New York.

Wagner, W.H. Jr. 1980. Origin and philosophy of the ground-plan –divergence method of cladistics. Syst. Bot. 5: 173-193.

Wagner, W.H. Jr. and Beitel, J.M. 1992. Generic classificatio of modern North American Lycopodiaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 79: 678 –686.

Wagner, J., and Teng, G. 1993. Embryology of two mountain plants, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Cerastium uniflorum, in relation to phenology. Flora (Jena), 188: 203–212.

Walker, D.A. 2000. Hierachical subdivision of arctic tundra based on vegetation response to somate, parent material, and topography. Global change biology. 6: 19–34.

Walker, M. 1984. Harversting the Northern Wild. Outcrop, The Northern Publishers, Yellowknife, N.W.T. (Out of print).

Wang Y; Toyota M; Krause F., Hamburger. M., Hostettmann, K. 1990. Polyacetylenes from Artemisia-borealis and their biological activities. Phytochemistry, 29: 3101–3106.

Warwick, S. I. and Black, L. 1982. The biology of Canadian weeds. 52. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. Can. J. Pl. Sci. 62:163-182.

Warming, E. 1909. Saxifragaceae. 1. Morphology and biology. Meddel om Grønland 36: 168–237.

Warming, E. 1920. The structure and biology of arctic flowering plants. 13. Caryophyllaceae. Meddel. Grønl. 37: 231-342.

Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1991. The families of angiosperms: automated descriptions, with interactive identification and information retrieval. Aust. Syst. Bot. 4: 681–695.

Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com

Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1993. The families of flowering plants. Interactive identification and information retrieval. CD-ROM, Version 1.0 for MS-DOS. CSIRO Publications: Melbourne.

Webb, D.A. 1964. Saxifragaceae. In Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Edited by T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Webb, D.A. 1964. Saxifragaceae. In Flora Europaea. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Edited by T.G. Tutin, , N.A. Burges, A.O. Chater, J.R. Edmonson, V.H. Heywood, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Webb, K. Mustard sprouts tonight, sailor’s delight. North 22: 14–17.

Wein, R.W., Hettinger, L.R. Janz, A.J., and Cody, W.J. 1974. Vascular plant range extensions in the Northern Yukon Territory and Northwestern Mackenzie District, Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 88: 57–66.

Weinmarck, G. 1971. Variation and taxonomy of Hierochloë (Gramineae) in the northern hemisphere. Bot. Not. 124: 9–175.

Weis, I.M. and Hermanutz, L.A. 1988. The population biology of the Arctic dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa seed rain and the germinable seed bank . Can. J. Bot. 66: 2055–2061.

Weis, I.M. and Hermanutz, L.A. 1993. Pollination dynamics of arctic dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa, Betulaceae) and it role in the loss of seed production. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 1021–1027.

Wells, P.V. 2000. The Manzanias of California, Mexico, and the World. P.V. Wells, Lawrence, Kansas. (Illus.) xvi, 151p. Comstock Bonanza Pr. 18919 William Quirk Dr., Grass Valley, CA.

Welsh, S.L. 1960. Legumes of the North Central States: Galegeae, Iowa State J. Sci. 35: 111–250.

Welsh, S.L. 1963. New variety and new combination in Oxytropis campestris. Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 24–26.

Welsh, S.L. 1990. On the typification of Oxytropis borealis D.C. J. Great Basin Nat. 50: 355–360.

Welsh, S.L. 1991. Oxytropis DC names, basionyms, types, and synonyms, Flora of North America Project. Great Basin Nat. 51: 377–396.

Welsh, S.L. 1995. North American types of Oxytropis DC (Leguminosae) at the Natural History Museum and Royal Botanic Garden, England, with nomenclatural comments and a new variety. Great Basin Naturalist, 55: 271–281.

Welsh, S.L. 1998. Astragalus (Leguminosae); Nomenclatural proposal and new taxa. Great Basin Naturalist, 58: 45–53.

Werth, C.R., and M.D. Windham. 1991. A model for divergent allopatric speciation of polyploid pteridophytes resulting from silencing of duplicate gene expression. Am. Naturalist, 137: 515–526.

Whitkus, R. A taxonomic investigation of the Carex macloviana D’Urv. Aggregate in Western Canada and Alaska. Master’s Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

Whittaker, R.J. 1993. Plant populations patterns in glacier foreland succession: Pioneer herbs and later-colonizing shrubs. Ecography, 16: 117–136.

Wikberg, S., Svensson, B.M., and Carlsson, B.A. 1994. Fitness, population growth rate and flowering in Carex bigelowii, a clonal sedge. Oikos, 70: 57–64.

Williams, C.A., Goldstone, F. and Greenham, J. 1996. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins fomr the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum offininale. Phytochemistry 42: 121–127.

Williams, F.N. 1896. A revision of the genus Silene L. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 1–196.

Williams, J.B., and Batzlli, G.O. 1982. Pollination and dispersion of 5 species of lousewort (Pedicularis) near Atkasook Alaska USA. Arct. Alp. Res. 14(1): 59–74.

Williams, P.J. 1986. Pipelines and permafrost: science in a cold climate. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Wilson, J.W. 1964. Annual growth of Salix arctica in the High-Arctic. Ann. Bot. N.S. 28: 71–76.

Windham, M.D. 1987b. Chromosomal and electrophoretic studies of the genus Woodsia in North America. Am. J. Bot. 74: 715.

Windham, M.D. 1993. Woodsia In Flora of North America 2: 270–280. Oxford University Press Inc. New York.

Wojciechowski, M.F., Snaderson, M.J., Baldwin, B.G. and Donoghue, M.J. 1993. Monophyly of the aneuploid Astragulus (Fabaceae): evidence from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spaces sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 711–722.

Wolek, J., and Pancer-Kotejowa, E. 1989. Null hypothesis in studies on plant communities. II. Assemblages of Species in the genus Luzula. Ekologia Polska, 36: 485–508.

Wolf, S.J., Packer, J.G., and Denford, K.E. 1979. The taxonomy of Minuartia rossiii (Caryophyllaceae) Can. J. Bot. 57: 1673-1686.

Wolf, S.J., Denford, K.E., and Packer, J.G. 1979a. A study of the flavinoids of the Minuartia rossii complex. Can. J. Bot. 57: 2374-2377.

Wolfe A.P. 2000. A 6500-year diatom record from southwestern Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic. In: Environmental Response to Climate Change in the Canadian High Arctic Geological Survey of Canada, (Ed. by M. Garneau and B.T. Alt), pp. 249-256. Bulletin 529.

Woo, M.K., Young, K.L. and Edlund, S.A. 1989. Observations on Soil, Vegetation, and Microclimate, and Effects of slope hydrology, Hot Weather Creek Basin, Ellemere Island, Northwest Territories. Current Research Part D. Interior Plans and Arctic Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, 90-01D pp 85-93.

Wycherley, P.R. 1953. Proliferation of spikelets in British grasses. Watsonia 3: 41–56.

Wynne-Edwards, V.C. 1937. Isolated arctic-alpine floras in eastern North America: a discussion of their glacial and recent history. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 21: 1–26.

Young, S.B. and Hall, E.S., 1969. Contributions to the ethnobotany of the St. Lawrence Island Eskimoa. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 14: 43-53.

Young, S.B. 1971. The vascular flora of St. Lawrence island, with special reference to floristic zonation in the arctic regions. Cont. Gray. Herb. Harv. 201. 115 pp.

Young, S.B. 1989. To the Arctic: An introduction to the Far Northern World. New York. Wiley.

Yurtsev, B.A. & Zhukova, P.G. 1972. Tsitotaksonomicheskaya kharakteristika endemichnykh rasteniy gornogo severo-vostoka Azii. Bot. Zhurn. 57: 50-63.

Yurtsev, B.A., and Zhukova, P.G. 1982. Chromosome numbers of some plants of northeastern Yakutia (the drainage of the Indigirka River and its middle reaches). [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 67: 778–787. (English translation by Secretary of State, Canada.)

Yurtsev, B.A., Zhukova, P.G., Plieva, T.V., Raszhinin, V.V., and Sekretarem, N.A. 1975. Interesting floristic finds in the easternmost Chukotka Peninsula [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 60: 233–247.

Yurtsev, B.A. 1984. Potentilla L. ‑ Pp. 137–234 in: Yurtsev, B.A. Flora Arctica U.R.S.S. 9. Droseraceae‑-Rosaceae. ‑ Nauka, Leningrad.

Yurtzev, B.Z. 1994. Floristic divisions of the Arctic. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 765–776.

Zhukova, P.G. 1965a. Kariologicheskaya kharakteristika neoktorykh rasteniy Chukotskogo polyostrova. Bot. Zhurn. 50: 1001-1004.

Zhukova, P.G. 1965b. Kariologicheskaya kharakteristika neoktorykh vidov rasteniy ostrova Vrangelya. Bot. Zhurn. 50: 1320-1322.

Zhukova, P.G. 1966. Chromosome numbers in some species of plants of the north-eastern part of USSR. Bot. Zhurn. 51: 1511–1516.

Zhukova, P.G. 1967. Chromosome numbers in some plant species from the north-eastern parts of the U.S.S.R. II. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 52: 983–987.

Zhukova, P.G. 1968. Chromosome numbers in some plant species from the north-east of the U.S.S.R. III. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 53: 365–368.

Zhukova, P.G. 1969. Chromosome numbers in certain plant species indigenous to the north-east of the U.S.S.R. IV. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 54: 1985–1990.

Zhukova, P.G. 1980. Chromosome numbers of some southern Chukotka plant species. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 65: 51–59.

Zhukova, P.G. 1982. Chromosome numbers of some plant species of north-eastern Asia. Bot. Zhurn. 67: 360–365.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1971. Chromosome numbers of certain flowering plants of the Wrangel Island. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 56: 294–305.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1972. Chromosome numbers of some flowering plants of the Wrangel Island II. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 57: 554–563.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1975. Chromosome numbers of some western Chukotka plant species. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 60: 395–401.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1976. Chromosome numbers of some western Chukotka plant species II. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 61: 963–969.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1977. Chromosome numbers of some western Chukotka plant species III. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 62: 1215–1223.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1980. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some species of the Anyui Mts. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 65: 651–659.

Zhukova, P.G., and Petrovsky, V.V. 1987. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some plant species from the northern Asia regions. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 72: 1617–1624.

Zhukova, P.G.and A.D. Tikhonova. 1971. Chromosome numbers of certain plant species indigenous to the Chukotskiy province. Bot. Zhurn. 56: 868-875. (In Russian).

Zhukova, P.G. and Tikhonova, A.D. 1973. Chromosome numbers of some Chukotka plant species. II. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 58: 395–402.

Zhukova, P.G., Petrovsky, V.V., and Plieva, T.N. 1973. The chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some plant species from Siberia and the Far East. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 58: 1331–1342.

Zhukova, P.G., Korobkov, A.A., and Tikhonova, A.D. 1977. Chromosome numbers of some plant species in the eastern arctic Jakutia. [In Russian.] Bot. Zhurn. 62: 229–234.


Index • Contents